38. Hawaalo’n Se Mutaalliq; [كِتَابُ الْحَوَالَاتِ]; Transferance of a Debt from One Person to Another
38: Kitab-ul-Hawalaati
(Hawaalo’n Se Mutaalliq Ahkaam-o-Masaael)
كِتَابُ الْحَوَالَاتِ
Lughawi etebaar se hawalaat, hawaala ki jamaa hai, jo tahweel[1] se mushtaq[2] hai. Iske maane inteqaal, yaane pher dene ke hain. Fuqaha ki istelaah mein kisi ke farz ko doosre ki taraf muntaqil kar dena, hawaala kehlaata hai. Jis tarah ek (1) zaroorat-mand aadmi ki haajat-rawaai ke liye islami shariyat ne qarz lene ki ijaazat di hai, aur jis tarah maqrooz ke bojh ko halka karne ke liye usne kafaalat ka tareeqa bataaya hai. Isi tarah qarz mein pha’nse hue aadmi ke liye aasaani ki ek (1) soorat paida ki hai jise hawaala kaha jaata hai. Rasoolullah (ﷺ) ne aasooda haal afraad ko hukum diya hai ke agar koi apne qarz ki zimmedaari us par daale to usey qubool kar leni chaahiye.
Hawaale ke liye zaroori hai ke jisko raqam dilaana hai aur jisse dilaana hai, dono ko khabar ho, aur dono us par raazi ho’n. Agar un mein se kisi ko khabar na ho to phir hawaala saheeh nahi hoga. Bahar-haal hawaale ke zariye se maqrooz ko apne moaashi haalaat durust karne ka mauqa mil jaata hai. Roz-marrah ki zaruriyaat ke alaawa ghair-mulki tijaarato’n mein tabaadla-e-zar[3] aur tabaadla-e-jins dono mein hawaale se faaeda uthaya jaa sakta hai. Aaj-kal raqam ki adaaegi ka tareeqa money-order, check, draft, aur hundi waghaira hai. Wo bhi hawaale ki soorate’n hain. Is silsile mein chand zaroori istelahaat ki wazaahat hasb-e-zel hai:
Saaheb-e-dain, yaane qarz-khwah ko muhtaal[4] ya mahaal-lahu kaha jaata hai. Jis par qarz ho aur wo apne zimme ki raqam, doosre ke zimme daalna chaahta ho, usey muheel[5] yaa madyoon[6] kehte hain. Jis shakhs ne maqrooz ki raqam apne zimme li hai, usey muhtaal-alaih ya muhaal-alae kaha jaata hai. Wo raqam jiska hawaala kiya gaya hai, usey muhtaal-bihi mahaal-bihi kehte hain.
❁ Baab 1: Kisi Doosre Ki Taraf Apna Qarz Muntaqil Karna, Nez Kya Hawaale Mein Rujoo Kar Sakta Hai?
Imam Hasan Basri aur Hazrat Qatada ne kaha hai ke jis ne hawaala kiya, agar mahaal-alae[7] us din maaldaar tha, to hawaala jaaez hai. Hazrat Ibne Abbas (رَضِيَ ٱللَّهُ عَنْهُ) ne farmaya: Do (2) shareek ya wiraasat paane waale is tarah taqseem kar sakte hain ke ek (1) naqd sarmaaya le-le, aur doosra qarz qubool kar le. Is soorat mein agar kisi ek (1) ka maal zaae ho gaya to wo apne saathi ki taraf rujoo nahi kar sakta.
Wazaahat: Iska mafhoom ye hai ke do (2) aadmi ek (1) karobaar mein shareek hain, ya ek (1) aadmi faut ho jaata hai aur uske do (2) waaris hain. Mutawaffi[8] aur shuraka ka kuch qarz logo’n ke zimme hai aur kuch naqdi ki soorat mein hai. Ab shuraka aur warisaan mein se ek (1) qaabil-e-wasool qarz rakh leta hai, doosra naqdi le leta hai, to uske baad kisi ka hissa doob jaane ki soorat mein doosre shareek ya waaris se kuch nahi le sakta.
[2287] Hazrat Abu Huraira (رَضِيَ ٱللَّهُ عَنْهُ) se riwayat hai ke Rasoolullah (ﷺ) ne farmaya: “Maaldaar ka (apna qarz adaa karne mein) taal-matol karna zulm hai aur jab tum mein se kisi ko maaldaar ke hawaale kiya jaae to wo hawaala qubool kar le”.[9]
❁ Baab 2: Agar Maiyyat Ke Qarz Ka Hawaala Kisi Zinda Shakhs Par Kiya Jaae To Jaayez Hai, Nez Jab Koi Apna Qarz Kisi Maaldaar Ke Hawaale Kare To Use Mustarad Nahi Karna Chaahiye
[2288] Hazrat Abu Huraira (رَضِيَ ٱللَّهُ عَنْهُ) se riwayat hai, wo Nabi (ﷺ) se bayan karte hain ke aap ne farmaya: “Maaldaar ka (qarz ko adaa karne mein) taakheer karna zulm hai, phir agar tum mein se kisi ko maaldaar par hawaala diya jaae to chaahiye ke qubool kare”.[10]
❁ Baab 3: Maiyyat Par Jo Qarz Hai Uska Hawaala Kisi (zinda) Shakhs Par Karna Jaaez Hai
[2289] Hazrat Salama bin Akwa (رَضِيَ ٱللَّهُ عَنْهُ) se riwayat hai, unho’n ne kaha: Ham Nabi (ﷺ) ke paas baithe hue the ke ek (1) janaaza laaya gaya. Logo’n ne arz kiya: Aap us par namaz-e-janaaza padhe’n. Aap ne farmaya: “Kya is par koi qarz hai?” Logo’n ne kaha: Koi nahi. Aap ne farmaya: “Usne kuch maal choda hai?” Logo’n ne arz kiya: Nahi, to aap ne us par namaz-e-janaza padhi. Phir ek (1) aur janaza laaya gaya to logo’n ne arz kiya: Allah ke Rasool (ﷺ)! Us par namaz-e-janaza padhe’n. Aap ne farmaya: “Aaya uske zimme qarz hai?” Bataaya gaya: Haa’n (ye qarzdaar hai). Aap ne poocha: “Usne kuch maal choda hai?” Logo’n ne kaha: Haa’n, teen (3) dinar. Aap ne us par bhi namaz-e-janaza padhi. Phir teesra janaza laaya gaya. Logo’n ne arz kiya: Aap is par namaz-e-janaza padhe’n. Aap ne farmaya: “Kya us ne koi cheez chodi hai?” Unho’n ne kaha: Nahi. Aap ne farmaya: “Kya us par qarz hai?” Unho’n ne kaha: Teen (3) dinar. Aap ne farmaya: “Tum log apne saathi ki namaz-e-janaza khud padh lo”. Hazrat Abu Qatada (رَضِيَ ٱللَّهُ عَنْهُ) ne arz kiya: Allah ke Rasool! Us par namaz-e-janaza padhe’n. Main iska qarz apne zimme leta hoo’n. Tab aap ne uski namaz-e-janaza padhi.[11]
[1] T: (تَحْوِیل) Supurdgi, amaanat supurd karna [Rekhta]
[2] T: (مُشْتَق) Akhaz kiya hua, maakhuz, nikaala hua [Rekhta]
[3] Currency exchange [RSB]
[4] T: (مُحْتال) Wo shakhs jo kisi shakhs ke mutaalbe ki zimmedaari apne sar le [Rekhta]
[5] T: (مُحِیل) Hawaala karne waala, supurd karne waala [Rekhta]
[6] T: (مَدیُون) Jis ke zimme koi qarz ho, qarzdaar [Rekhta]
[7] T: (مَحال عَلَیہ) Jo doosre shakhs ke qarz ki adaaegi ko apne zimme mein qubool kar raha hai [RSB]
[8] T: (مُتَوَفِّی) Jiski wafaat ho gai ho, mara hua [Rekhta]
[9] Dekhiye: 2288 2400
[10] راجع: 2287
[11] Dekhiye: 2295