04. Hazrat Ali bin Abi Talib (رضی اللہ عنہ)
Hz Ali bin Abi Talib (رضي الله عنها)
Hz Ali bin Abi Talib (رضي الله عنها) was the fourth and the last caliph. He (رضي الله عنها) became the caliph after Hz Usman Ghani (رضي الله عنها). He (رضي الله عنها) was extremely brave and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) loved him very much. Among the rightly guided successors, he (رضي الله عنها) was the closest relative of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).
✦ In the name of Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها), the ummah is divided into two sects.
- i) Shia : Those who abuse his glory.
- ii) Ahle Sunnat wal Jamaat : Those who believe him in the light of the Quran and hadith.
✦ Name and Lineage :
His name was Ali bin Abu Talib (Abde manaf) bin Abdul Mutalib bin Haashim. His lineage directly converges with that of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) because Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) was the cousin of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).
✦ Mother’s Name :
His mother’s name was Fatima bint Asad bin Haashiim bin Abde manaf.
✦ His Birth :
On 13 Rajab, in Makkah he (رضي الله عنها) was born 10 years before the
✦ Kunniyat :
1) Abul Hasan
2) Abus Sibtain
3) Abu Turaab
This title (Abu Turab) was given by the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) loved to be called by that name.
Sahih Muslim : 2409
Sahl b. Sa`d reported that a person from the offspring of Marwan was appointed as the governor of Medina. He called Sahl b. Sa`d and ordered him to abuse `Ali. Sahl refused to do that. He (the governor) said to him:
If you do not agree to it (at least) say: May Allah curse Abu Turab. Sahl said: There was no name dearer to `Ali than Abu Turab (for it was given to him by the Prophet himself) and he felt delighted when he was called by this name. He (the governor) said to him: Narrate to us the story of his being named as Abu Turab. He said: Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) came to the house of Fatima and he did not find `Ali in the house; whereupon he said: Where is your uncle’s son? She said: (There cropped up something) between me and him which had annoyed him with me. He went out and did not rest here. Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) asked a person to find out where he was. He came and said: Allah’s Messenger, he is sleeping in the mosque. Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) came to him and found him lying in the mosque and saw that his mantle had slipped from his back and his back was covered with dust and Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) began to wipe it away from him (from the body of Hadrat `Ali) saying: Get up, covered with dust (Abu Turab); get up, covered with dust.
✦ Title :
1) Ameerul Mumineen
2) Haidar
✦ Characteristic of Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها)
1) Very Brave
2) One who did justice
3) Son-in-Law of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)
4) A very close relative of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)
5) The first one to accept Islam among children at the age of 10
6) Grew up with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in the same house
7) Hz Ali was assigned the banners in most of the battles.
✦ Wives And Children
Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) had 9 wives and 20 children – 14 sons and 6 daughters.
When Hz Fatima was alive, Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) didn’t marry anyone else although at a time, it was allowed to have 4 wives.
1) Wife – Hz Fatima bint Muhammad
Children :
i) Hasan
ii) Hussain
iii) Mohsin
iv) Zainab Kubra
v) Umm Kulsum Kubra
2) Wife – Umm Baneen bint Hizam
Children :
i) Abbas
ii) Jaafar
iii) Abdullah
iv) Usman
3) Wife – Laila bint Mas’ood
Children :
i) Abdullah
ii) Abubakr
4) Wife – Asma bint Umais
Children :
i) Yahya
ii) Muhammad Asgar
5) Wife – Sahba bint Zam’a
Children :
i) Umar
ii) Ruqaiyya
6) Wife – Umm Sa’eed
Children :
i) Umm Hasan
ii) Ramla
7) Wife – Mahyaat
Child:
i) Jaariya
8) Wife – Umama bint Abul Aas
Child:
i) Muhammad Ausat
9) Wife – Khaula bint Jaafar
Child:
i) Muhammad ibnul Hanfiyya
✦ The Merits And Status of Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها)
➤ 1)The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) gave the same status to Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) which Musa (A.S) gave to Haroon
Sahih Bukhari : 4416
Narrated Sa`d:
Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) set out for Tabuk. appointing `Ali as his deputy (in Medina). `Ali said, “Do you want to leave me with the children and women?” The Prophet (ﷺ) said, “Will you not be pleased that you will be to me like Aaron to Moses? But there will be no prophet after me.”
➤ 2) Allah and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) loved Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) and Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) loved Allah and the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)
Sahih Bukhari : 3702
Narrated Salama:
`Ali happened to stay behind the Prophet (ﷺ) and (did not join him) during the battle of Khaibar for he was having eye trouble. Then he said, “How could I remain behind Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ)?” So `Ali set out following the Prophet (ﷺ) , When it was the eve of the day in the morning of which Allah helped (the Muslims) to conquer it, Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) said, “I will give the flag (to a man), or tomorrow a man whom Allah and His Apostle love will take the flag,” or said, “A man who loves Allah and His Apostle; and Allah will grant victory under his leadership.” Suddenly came `Ali whom we did not expect. The people said, “This is `Ali.” Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) gave him the flag and Allah granted victory under his leadership.
➤ 3) Allah and Hz Jibreel loved Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها)
Sunan Tabrani : 8145
The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) told Ali,”Jibreel is telling me that he loves Ali”. Hz Ali asked, “What good deed I have done that Jibreel loves me?” The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said,”Beyond Jibreel, Allah also loves you.”
➤ 4) The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) told that whose wali (Guardian) I am, that person also accepts Hz Ali as wali (Guardian).
Musnan Ahmed : 22961
➤ 5) The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) supplicated for Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها)
Sunan Tabrani : 5133
The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) supplicated to Allah, “O Allah, the Lord of the worlds! Help Ali. O Allah, the Lord of the worlds, provide honour to Ali.”
➤ 6) The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) believed Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها)
The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) fled from the city of Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed Medina, apparently to foil an assassination plan. That night, Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) reputedly risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad’s bed instead of him to facilitate his escape. When the assassins broke into Muhammad’s residence, they found Ali (رضي الله عنها), whose life they spared.
➤ 7) Most of the battles were led and fought by Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها)
➤ 8) The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) loved Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) a lot
Sunan Tirmizi : 3719; Grade : Hasan
Narrated Hubshi bin Junadah:
that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: “‘Ali is from me and I am from ‘Ali. And none should represent me except myself or ‘Ali.”
✦ Hz Ali bin Abi Talib (رضي الله عنها) Got The Caliphate
On 12 Zilhaj, 35 Hijri , Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) was made the Caliph and his caliphate remained for 5 years. After Hz Usman Ghani (رضي الله عنها) was martyred, any one was to be made the Caliph among the 5 names which was mentioned by Hz Umar bin Khattab (رضي الله عنها) :
i) Hz Ali Bin Abi Talib (رضي الله عنها)
ii) Hz Talha bin Ubaid Ullah (رضي الله عنها)
iii) Hz Zubair bin Awwam (رضي الله عنها)
iv) Hz Abdurrahman bin Auf (رضي الله عنها)
v) Hz Saad bin Abi Waqqas (رضي الله عنها)
With everyone’s consent, Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) was made the Caliph.
After the martyrdom of Hz Usman Ghani (رضي الله عنها), there was fear in Madeena everywhere because a big part of Madeena was captured by the Khawarij and the companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was outside the city for battle. In that critical situation Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) took the responsibility of the Caliphate. His Caliphate lasted for 5 years and that whole duration passed in the battle with own people.
✦ Works And Events That Took Place In The Caliphate of Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها)
1) The Battle of Jamal
After the martyrdom of Hz Usman Ghani ( رضي الله عنها) , Muawiya in the presence of Hz Ayesha (رضي الله عنها) , Hz Talha (رضي الله عنها) , Hz Zubair (رضي الله عنها) and other companions told that his martyrdom should be avenged.
Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) disagreed with Muawiya because Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) didn’t want to do so in that situation.
Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) and Muawiya opposed each other so much that a battle was fought between Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) and Muawiya and blood of muslims were shed.
2) The Battle of Siffin
This battle was also fought between Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) and rebellious governor of Syria Mu’awiya ibn Abi Sufiyan. Two people were sent for a talk with the opponent and the battle was ended.
3) The Capital was shifted from Madeena to Koofa (Iraq)
4) The appearance of Khawarij and Shia
✦ The Martyrdom of Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها)
In Kufa, on 17th of Ramadan, 40 hijri (24 January 661 AD) at the age of 60, Abdurrahman bin Muljim hit Hz Ali ( رضي الله عنها) by a sword at the time of Fajr prayer and Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) was martyred.
✦ The Shias
1) Literal Meaning : The Literal meaning of the word “Shia” is the helper
2) Terminological Meaning : Every person who prefer Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) over the three caliphs and believe that only Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) had the right to to become the Caliph which was taken away from him – are known as Shias.
➤ The Person Who Led The Foundation of Shiaism Was Abdullah Bin Saba (A Jew)
✦ Question : Why did the shias chose Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) ?
Answer : Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) was son-in-law of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) and the husband of the most beloved daughter of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) loved him a lot so the jews could do any conspiracy by taking the name of Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) and none could cancel it.
➤ The Famous Sects of The Shias
i) Bohra
ii) Zaidiyyah
iii) Isnan Ashariyya
iv) Imamiyya
v) Jaafariya
✦ Basic Beliefs of The Shias
1) The Belief of Panjtani (Five People)
The Shias only believe in Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Hussain and they believe that the rest companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) are apostates.
2) The Belief of Caliphate
The Shias believe that after the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) , Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) had the right to become the Caliph but it was taken away from him and was given to Hz Abu Bakr Siddique (رضي الله عنها) , Hz Umar bin Khattab (رضي الله عنها) and Hz Usman Ghani (رضي الله عنها) .
Sahih Bukhari : 664
Narrated Aishah :
‘When Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ) fell sick with the fatal illness and when the time of prayer became due and Adhan was pronounced, he said, ‘Tell Abu Bakr to lead the people in prayer.’ He was told that Abu Bakr was a softhearted man and would not be able to lead the prayer in his place. The Prophet (ﷺ) gave the same order again but he was given the same reply. He gave the order for the third time and said, ‘You (women) are the companions of Joseph. Tell Abu Bakr to lead the prayer.’ So Abu Bakr came out to lead the prayer.
3) The Belief of Leadership
The Shias believe that there are a total of 12 leaders and they can never commit any mistake. Those 12 leaders are :
1) Hz Ali
2) Hz Hussain
3) Hz Hasan
4) Hz Ali bin Hussain (Zainul Abedeen)
5) Muhammad Al Baaqir
6) Ja’far Sadiq
7) Musa Kazim
8) Ali Raza
9) Muhammad Jawwad
10) Ali Haadi
11) Hasan Askari
These 12 leaders are called Imam-e-Ghayb by the shias and they believe that these 12 leaders will appear when the Day of Judgement will be near.
4) The Belief of Taqiyyah
Taqiyyah means to conceal and the Shias believe that they should express themself as the one in front of them and don’t disclose their belief.
Sahih Bukhari : 7179
Narrated Abu Huraira:
Allah’s Messenger (ﷺ)s said, “The worst of all mankind is the double-faced one, who comes to some people with one face and to others, with another face.”
4) The Belief That The Quran Is Incomplete
The Shias believe that the Quran is incomplete and the ayats related to Hz Ali (رضي الله عنها) are kept hidden by the Caliphs.
Surah Hijr : 9
إِنَّا نَحۡنُ نَزَّلۡنَا ٱلذِّكۡرَ وَإِنَّا لَهُۥ لَحَٰفِظُونَ
Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur’an and indeed, We will be its guardian.
5) Believe that the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) is apostates
Shia tells that every companion of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) is apostate except a few companions. They became apostates after the death of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). And they used to abuse the companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) at their gatherings.
i) Allah was pleased with the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) who brought peace first and they agreed with Allah
Surah Tauba: 100
وَالسّٰبِقُوۡنَ الۡاَوَّلُوۡنَ مِنَ الۡمُهٰجِرِيۡنَ وَالۡاَنۡصَارِ وَالَّذِيۡنَ اتَّبَعُوۡهُمۡ بِاِحۡسَانٍ ۙ رَّضِىَ اللّٰهُ عَنۡهُمۡ وَرَضُوۡا عَنۡهُ وَاَعَدَّ لَهُمۡ جَنّٰتٍ تَجۡرِىۡ تَحۡتَهَا الۡاَنۡهٰرُ خٰلِدِيۡنَ فِيۡهَاۤ اَبَدًا ؕ ذٰ لِكَ الۡـفَوۡزُ الۡعَظِيۡمُ ١٠٠
As for the first and foremost of the Emigrants (Muhājirīn) and the Supporters (AnSār) and those who followed them in goodness, Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Allah, and He has prepared for them gardens beneath which rivers flow, where they will live forever. That is the supreme achievement.
ii) The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) forbade to abuse the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)
Sahih Bukhari : 3673
Narrated Abu Sa’id:
لاَ تَسُبُّوا أَصْحَابِي، فَلَوْ أَنَّ أَحَدَكُمْ أَنْفَقَ مِثْلَ أُحُدٍ ذَهَبًا مَا بَلَغَ مُدَّ أَحَدِهِمْ وَلاَ نَصِيفَهُ
The Prophet (ﷺ) said, “Do not abuse my companions for if any one of you spent gold equal to Uhud (in Allah’s Cause) it would not be equal to a Mud or even a half Mud spent by one of them.”
6) The belief of bada’
They believe that Allah knows things suddenly.
Surah Radd : 9
عٰلِمُ الۡغَيۡبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ الۡكَبِيۡرُ الۡمُتَعَالِ ٩
˹He is the˺ Knower of the seen and the unseen—the All-Great, Most Exalted.
7) The belief of reconversion (the belief of coming back)
Sahih Muslim : 4885
The souls of the martyrs live in the bodies of green birds who have their nests in chandeliers hung from the throne of the Almighty. They eat the fruits of Paradise from wherever they like and then nestle in these chandeliers. Once their Lord cast a glance at them and said: Do you want anything? They said: What more shall we desire? We eat the fruit of Paradise from wherever we like. Their Lord asked them the same question thrice. When they saw that they will continue to be asked and not to be left (without answering the question). they said: O Lord, we wish that Thou mayest return our souls to our bodies so that we may be slain in Thy way once again. When He (Allah) saw that they had no need, they were left (to their joy in heaven).
REFERENCE:
BOOK: ASHRA-E-MUBASHARA
Compiled BY: SHEIKH ABDUL HAMEED MADANI (Roman Urdu)
“ENGLISH TRANSLATED BY SISTER ALIA SUBHANI”