01. Madhhab-e-Hanbali

Hanbali Mazhab ke Aham Khad-o-Khaal

 

(1) Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal ki Seerat aur Woh Halaat Jo Un ke Fiq’hi Manhaj ke Imtiyaaz Mein Mo’assir Thay

(2) Hanbali Mazhab ke Usool

(3) Hanbali Mazhab ki Numaayaan Khusoosiyaat, Ijmaali Taur Par

(4) Hanbali Mazhab Mein Raaij Numaayaan Istilahaat

(5) Hanbali Mazhab ki Numaayaan Shakhsiyaat

(6) Hanaabilah ke Nazdeek Qaabil-e-Aitimaad Ma’aakhaz

(7) Imam Ahmad se Manqool Riwayaat ke Muta‘addid Hone ke Asbaab

(8) Hanbali Mazhab ki Taraqqi ke Maraahil

(9) Hanbali Mazhab ke Phailaaw ke Awaamil

(10) Doosre Mazaahib ke Muqaabile Mein Hanbali Mazhab ke Kam Phailaaw ke Asbaab

 

Seerat-e-Imam Ahmad (Rahimahullah)

 

Aap ka Naam: Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal bin Hilaal bin Asad Ash-Shaibaani

Aap ki Kuniyat: Abu Abdullah

Aap ka Laqab: Aap Imam-e-Ahl-us-Sunnat ke laqab se mashhoor the.

 

Paidaaish aur Parwarish

 

Aap 164 Hijri mein Baghdad mein paida huwe.

Aap bachpan hi mein yateem ho gaye the, Aap bachpan se hi parhezgaari, nekee aur ilm haasil karne ke liye mashhoor the.

Aap hadees haasil karne ke liye subah bahut jaldi nikalne ka iraadah karte the, Aap ki waalidah aap ka kapra pakar leti aur kahti: “Pahle mu’azzin ki azaan to hone do.”

 

Aap ke Shuyookh

 

Sirf apni Musnad mein Imam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ne jin shuyookh se riwayat ki hai, un ki taadaad 280 se ziyada hai.

 

Aap ke mashhoor shuyookh mein se kuch yeh hain:

 

1. Qaazi Abu Yousuf — Jo Imam Abu Hanifah (Rahimahullah) (Wafaat:182 Hijri) ke shagird the. Imam Ahmad ne un se raaye aur fiqah ka ilm haasil kiya.
2. Hushaim bin Basheer (Wafaat:183 Hijri).
3. Wakee bin Al-Jarraah (Wafaat:197 Hijri).
4. Sufyaan bin Uyainah (Wafaat:198 Hijri).
5. Imaam Ash-Shaafi‘ee (Wafaat:204 Hijri).
6. Abdur-Razzaaq As-San‘aani (Wafaat:211 Hijri).

 

Aap ke Shagird

 

Aap ke dars mein 5000 se ziyada log shirkat karte the. Un mein se taqreeban 500 log likhte the, jabke baaqi log aap se aap ke achhe andaaz, adab aur kirdaar ko seekhte the.

Jo log khaas taur par aap se fiqah seekhte the, un mein taqreeban 580 mashhoor afraad the.

 

Aap ke mashhoor shagirdon mein se kuch yeh hain:

 

– Aap ke do bete:

Saalih (Wafaat:266 Hijri) aur Abdullah (D:290 Hijri).

– Mihna’a bin Yahya Ash-Shaami (Wafaat:248 Hijri).

– Imaam Bukhari (Wafaat:256 Hijri).

– Abu Bakar Al-Athram (Wafaat:261 Hijri).

– Aap ke chacha-zaad bhaai: Hanbal bin Is’haaq (Wafaat:273 Hijri).

– Al-Maimooni (Wafaat:274 Hijri).

– Abu Dawood As-Sijistaani (Wafaat:275 Hijri).

– Harb bin Isma‘eel Al-Kirmaani (Wafaat:280 Hijri).

 

Qur’an ko Makhlooq kahnay kay zamaanay ka fitnah

 

1. Mu‘atazilah ne Qur’an ke makhlooq hone ke aqeede ko Abbasi Khalifah Al-Ma’amoon ke saamne khoobsoorat bana kar paish kiya. Us ne logon ko is aqeede ko maan’ne ke liye aazmaya. Aur yeh fitna taqreeban 23 saal tak jaari raha.
2. Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ne is fitne mein Ahl-e-Bid‘at ka muqaabilah kiya aur unhein bahut si takleefon aur aziyyaton ka saamna karna pada. Lekin un mushkilaat ne unhen aur bhi haq par mazboot kar diya.
3. Al-Waathiq bin Al-Mu‘atasim ke zamaane mein Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ko dars dene, hadees bayan karne aur fatwa dene se rok diya gaya. Yeh pabandi Al-Waathiq ki wafaat tak rahi.
4. Phir Al-Waathiq kay baad us ka bhaai Al-Mutawakkil khalifah bana, to Allah Ta‘ala ne us ke zariye yeh mihnat aur aazmaaish door ki aur Sunnat ko ghaalib kiya.
5. Jab yeh fitna khatam huwa to log Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ke paas aaye aur un ki izzat aur martabe ko tasleem kiya. Log un ke haq par mazboot rahne ko yaad karte the.

 

Aap ki Sifaat aur Fazaail

 

Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) Sunnat ko mazbooti se pakarne wale aur us ki bahut ziyada ta‘azeem karne wale the. Aap hadees ke bahut bade maahir the, aap ki yaad-daasht bahut mazboot thi, aur aap fuqaha ke aqwaal aur un ki daleelon se bhi bahut ziyada waaqif the.

Aap apne tamaam mu’aamilaat mein, khaas taur par fatwa dene mein, bahut ziyada wara‘a aur ihtiyaat karte the, jesa keh Aap se poochhay jaanay walay bahut se masaail ke baare mein Aap se (Laa Adri) “Main nahi jaanta” kahna manqool hai, aur Aap bahut ba-waqaar aur haibat wale the.

Imaam Ash-Shafi‘ee (Rahimahullah) ne kaha:

«Ahmad aath cheezon mein Imaam hain: Hadees mein Imaam, Fiqah mein Imaam, Lughat mein Imaam, Qur’an mein Imaam, Faqr mein Imaam, Zuhd mein Imaam, Wara‘a mein Imaam aur Sunnat mein Imaam.»

 

Aap ki Wafaat

 

Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ka intiqaal (241 Hijri) mein Jum‘ah ke din huwa. Us waqt aap ki umar taqreeban 77 saal thi.

Aap ke janaazah mein bahut badi taadaad mein log shareek huwe. Kaha jaata hai keh logon ki taadaad 17 laakh tak pahunch gayi thi.

 

Aap ke Fiqhi Manhaj ko Mumtaaz Banaane Wale Asbaab

 

1. Aap (Rahimahullah) ko Ahadees, Sahabah ke aathaar aur Taabi‘een ke aqwaal ka bahut wasee ilm tha. Aur is kay saath Aap ko un mein se sahih aur kamzor riwaayaton mein bhi faraq maaloom tha.
2. Aap ka zamaana pahle ke fuqaha ke baad tha. Is wajah se aap ko apne se pahle ke fiqhi madaaris aur apne zamaane mein maujood fiqhi madaaris ke aqwaal se waaqif hone ka mauqa mila.

 

Is sab ka nateejah yeh huwa keh Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ke paas bahut wasee aur gahra fiqah jama ho gaya, jo muhadditheen ki ahadees aur aathaar mein gahraai aur fuqaha ki nusoos ki baareekiyon mein gahraai donon ko jama karta tha.

 

Usool-e-Madhhab-e-Hanbali

 

1. Al-Kitab (Qur’an): Qur’an ko Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ke madhhab ki bunyaadi daleel maana jaata hai.
2. As-Sunnah: Jab Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ko koi Sahih Nass mil jaati to woh usi ke mutabiq fatwa dete aur jo bhi shakhs us ke khilaf hota, us ki baat ki taraf koi tawajjah nahi karte.
3. Ijmaa: Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) ijmaa ko bhi hujjat maante the aur apni daleel mein us pesh karte the. Woh un logon par bhi inkaar karte the jo ijmaa bayan karne mein laa parwaahi karte the.
4. Sahaabi ka Fatwa, Jab us ke khilaaf kisi doosre Sahaabi ka qaul maaloom na ho:

Agar Sahaabah ke darmiyaan ikhtilaaf hota: To woh un ke aqwaal mein se us qaul ko ikhtiyaar karte jo Qur’an aur Sunnat ke sab se ziyada qareeb hota, aur un ke aqwaal se baahar nahi nikalte.

5. Mursal aur Da‘eef Hadees par Amal:

Agar kisi mas’ale mein aisi koi daleel na hoti jo mursal ya da‘eef hadees ko rad karti ho, to Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) us par amal karte the.

Yahan da‘eef se muraad aisi hadees hai jo hasan ke darje mein ho ya us ke qareeb ho.

6. Qiyaas:

Agar kisi mas’ale mein Qur’an-o-Sunnat ki nass, Sahaabi ka qaul, mursal athar ya da‘eef hadees na milti, to Imaam Ahmad (Rahimahullah) Qiyaas ki taraf rujoo karte the.

7. Istis’haab:

Istis’haab ka matlab hai: Jo cheez pahle se saabit hai, us ke saabit rahne ko maanaa jaye, aur jo cheez pahle se nafi thi, us ki nafi ko barqaraar rakha jaye.

8. Sadd-e-Zaraa’i:

Is ka matlab hai: kisi aisi cheez se rokna jo zaahiri taur par jaaiz ho, lekin woh kisi haraam kaam tak pahunchne ka zariya ban sakti ho.

 

Kuch aur usool bhi hain jinhein Hanbali Ulama ke daleel ke taur par istemaal karne ke baare mein ikhtilaaf paya jata hai, Aur un mein say kuch yeh hain:

 

1. Masaalih-e-Mursalah:

Aksar Usooliyeen-e-Hanaabilah kahte hain ke Maslahat apne aap mein aik mustaqil hujjat nahi hai.

Lekin un mein kuch ulama aise bhi hain jo Maslahat ki hujjiyyat ke qaail hain aur us ke haq mein daleel dete hain.

 

2. Urf:

Hanbali ulama bhi doosre fuqaha ki tarah Urf (mu’aashiray mein aam riwaaj) ko madd-e-nazar rakhte hain.

Lekin Urf ahkaam ki mustaqil daleel nahi hai. Balkeh yeh fiqah ke qawaaid mein se aik qaaidah hai, jis ka asar ziyadah tar masaail ke tatbeeqi pahlu mein nazar aata hai.

 

3. Istihsaan:

Hanbali ulama ke nazdeek istihsaan bhi mu‘atabar hai. Lekin istihsaan par amal karne ke ikhtilaaf ki wajah aksar yeh hoti hai ke mukhtalif madhaahib mein istihsaan ka mafhoom alag hai.

 

Aur Jumhoor Hanaabilah ke nazdeek istihsaan ka matlab hai:

“Qiyaas ko kisi ziyadah mazboot daleel ki wajah se chhor dena.”

Is taa‘reef ki bunyaad par tamaam Hanbali ulama istihsaan ko maante hain aur use mu‘atabar samajhte hain.

 

Imam Ahmad aur un ke Shagirdon ke Aqwaal mein faraq karne ke liye makhsoos Istilahaat:

 

Ar-Riwayah:

Woh hukm jo Imam Ahmad se marwi ho, aur yeh do qisam par hai:

(1) Sareeh: Jis ki ta’abeer in alfaaz se ki jaati hai: “Nassa Alaihi” (Imam Sahib ne is par nass farmaayi hai) ya is jaise alfaaz.

(2) Tanbeeh: Yeh raawi ka woh bayan hai jo Imam Sahib ke sareeh lafz se nahin, balkeh un ki ibaarat ke mafhoom se samjha jaaye. Aur is ki ta’abeer in alfaaz se ki jaati hai: “Awma’a Ilaihi” (Aap ne is ki taraf ishaara farmaya), “Ashaara Ilaihi” (Aap ne is ki taraf ishaara kiya), aur is jaise deegar alfaaz.

 

Al-Waj’h:

Woh hukm jo baaz aise mujtahid as’haab se manqool ho jo “As’haab-ul-Wujooh” ke tabaqay se ta’alluq rakhte hon, aur woh hukm Imam sahib ke qawaaid, usool aur nusoos ke mutabiq jaari ho.

 

Al-Ihtimaal:

Mas’alay ka is baat ko qubool karna ke is mein us hukum ke ilawa bhi koi hukum kaha ja sakta hai jo is mein bayan huwa hai; kyunke yeh hukum pahli daleel ke muqaabilay mein kisi marjooh (kamzor) daleel ki wajah se hota hai.

 

At-Takhreej:

Kisi mansoos mas’alay ke hukm ko us jaisi doosri cheez ki taraf muntaqil karna aur donon ke darmiyaan us hukum mein baraabari karna.

 

Woh istilahaat jo Mazhab-e-Hanbali ke kuch Ulama par boli jaati hain:

 

1. Rawaah-ul-Jama’ah:

Is istilaah ka matlab yeh hai ke is riwayah ko Imaam Ahmad se aisi jama’at ne naqal kiya hai jis par jama’at ka wasaf saadiq aata hai, baghair kisi ghair-muhaddad ya ma’adood mu’ayyan taadaad ke.

Aur is istilaah ka ta’ayyun sirf kuch muta’akhireen as’haab ke yahaan ke ilaawa nahi jaana gaya.

 

2. Ash-Shaikhaan:

Is se muraad Ibn-e-Qudamah aur Majd-ud-Deen Abu Al-Barakaat Ibn-e-Taimiyah hain.

 

3. Ash-Shaikh:

Mutawassiteen ke nazdeek is se muraad: Ibn-e-Qudamah hain, aur Muta’akhkhireen ke nazdeek Shaikh-ul-Islam Ibn-e-Taimiyah hain.

 

4. Al-Qaazi:

Mutaqaddimeen aur Mutawassiteen ke nazdeek is se muraad: Abu Ya’ala Al-Farra hain, aur Muta’akhkhireen ke nazdeek Al-Mardaawi hain.

 

Hanaabilah ke haan Mu’atamad Masaadir:

 

1. Mustaqil Kitabein:

•     Imam Ahmad se masaail aur riwayaat ki kitaben.
•     Al-Jaami’u li-Uloomil-Imam Ahmad (Jaami-ul-Khallaal).
•     At-Ta’aleeq-ul-Kabeer (Abu Ya’ala ki).
•     Al-Intisaar fil-Masaa’ilil-Kibaar (Abu Al-Khattab ki).
•     Al-Furoo’u (Ibn Muflih ki).

 

2. Fiqhi Mutoon aur Mukhtasaraat:

•     Mukhtasar Al-Khiraqi.
•     Al-Muqni’ (Ibn-e-Qudamah ki).
•     Al-Muharrar fil-Fiqh (Al-Majd Ibn-e-Taimiyah ki).
•     Zaad-ul-Mustaqni’ (Al-Hajjaawi ki).
•     Al-Iqnaa’ (Al-Hajjaawi ki).
•     Muntahal-Iraadaat (Ibn-un-Najjaar ki).

 

3. Shurooh ki Kitabain:

•     Al-Mughni (Ibn-e-Qudamah ki).
•     Sharh Az-Zarkashi Ala Mukhtasar Al-Khiraqi.
•     Al-Mabda’ fi Sharhil-Muqni’ (Ibn-e-Muflih ki).
•     Al-Insaaf (Al-Mardaawi ki).
•     At-Tanqeeh-ul-Mushbi’ (Al-Mardaawi ki).
•     Ar-Rawz-ul-Murabba’ (Al-Buhooti ki).

 

Mazhab-e-Hanbali ki Aalaam Shakhsiyaat:

 

1. Ibn-e-Qudamah Al-Maqdisi, Muwaffaq-ud-Deen (Wafaat: 620 Hijri):

Hanaabilah ke Shaikh hain. Un ki kitabon mein «Al-Mughni», «Al-Umdah», «Al-Muqni’» aur «Al-Kaafi» shaamil hain.

 

2. Al-Majd Ibn-e-Taimiyah, Abu Al-Barakaat (Wafaat: 652 Hijri):

(Jinhein Ibn-e-Taimiyah Al-Jadd kaha jaata hai). Un ki kitabon mein fiqah par «Al-Muharrar» aur ahkaam ki ahadees par «Muntaqa Al-Akhbaar» hain.

 

3. Shaikh-ul-Islam Ibn-e-Taimiyah, Abu Al-Abbas (Wafaat: 728 Hijri):

Aap ne pahle mazhab mein fiqah padhi, phir darja-e-ijtihaad ko pahunche. Aap ki tasaneef mein «Iqtizaa-us-Siraat-ul-Mustaqeem» aur «Minhaaj-us-Sunnah An-Nabawiyah» hain.

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4. Shams-ud-Deen Ibn-e-Muflih (Wafaat: 763 Hijri):

Aap ne «Al-Furoo’» tasneef ki, jis mein aksar mazhab ko jama kiya. Aur aap ki deegar kitabain «Al-Usool», «An-Nukat» aur «Al-Aadaab-ush-Shar’iyah» hain.

 

5. Alaa-ud-Deen Al-Mardaawi (Wafaat: 885 Hijri):

Mazhab ke muharrir (tadween karne wale) hain. Un ki kitabon mein «Al-Insaaf fi Ma’arifatir-Raajih minal-Khilaaf», «Tas’heeh-ul-Furoo’» aur deegar shaamil hain.

 

6. Sharaf-ud-Deen Al-Hajjaawi (Wafaat: 968 Hijri):

Aap ki tasaneef mein «Zaad-ul-Mustaqni’ fi Ikhtisaaril-Muqni’» aur «Al-Iqnaa’» hain, aur yeh Hanaabilah ki sab se umdah fiqhi kitabon mein shumaar hoti hain.

 

7. Ibn-un-Najjaar Al-Futoohi (Wafaat: 972 Hijri):

Aap ki Hanaabilah ke nazdeek mu’atamad kitabon mein se «Muntahal-Iraadaat fi Jam’il-Muqni’ ma’at-Tanqeeh wa Ziyaadaat» hai.

 

8. Al-Buhooti, Mansoor bin Yoonus (Wafaat: 1051 Hijri):

Mazhab mein aap ki mu’atamad kitabain «Ar-Rawz-ul-Murabaa’», «Kashshaaf-ul-Qinaa’» aur «Sharh Muntahal-Iraadaat» hain.

 

Imam Ahmad se Riwayaat ke muta’addid hone ke asbaab:

 

1. Woh Umoor jo Imam ki Taraf Raaji’ Hain:

•     Yeh ke unhon ne khud apne mazhab ki kitaabi shakal mein tadween nahin farmayi.
•     Un ke fatawa ke alfaaz kayi ihtimaalaat ke haamil ho sakte hain.
•     Baaz masaail mein Imam ka ijtihaad tabdeel ho gaya.
•     Bahut se masaail mein Sahaba ke ikhtilaaf ko baghair kisi tarjeeh ke bayan karna.

 

2. Woh Umoor jo Imam ke As’haab ki Taraf Raaji’ Hain:

•     Imam Ahmad ke baaz As’haab ka aap ki taraf riwayaat ki nisbat karne mein wus’at ikhtiyaar karna.
•     Baaz As’haab ka aisi riwayaat ko saabit karna jin se Imam rujoo’ kar chuke the, aur is mein un ka ijtihaad badal jaana.
•     Riwayaat ke ikhtilaaf ki jagah ko mu’ayyan karne mein un ke tareeqon ka mukhtalif hona.
•     Baaz As’haab ka baaham muta’aariz riwayaat ke darmiyaan tatbeeq ya jama’ na karna.

 

3. Woh Umoor jo Imam ya Un ke Mazhab par Ghalati ki Taraf Raaji’ Hain:

•     Masaail ke baaz Raawiyon mein adaalat ya zabt ki shart ka faut ho jaana.
•     Imam se Shaaz (ghair ma’amooli ya munfarid) riwayaat ka maujood hona.
•     Riwayaat ko alfaaz ke bajaaye sirf mafhoom-o-ma’ana ke aitibaar se naqal karna.
•     Ghair Hanaabilah Hazraat se riwayaat ka naqal karna.
•     Ghair munaqqah (ghair muharrar) kitabon se naqal karna.

 

Hanbali Mazhab ke Irtiqaai Maraahil:

 

1. Aaghaaz aur Bunyaad:

Imam sahib ke san 204 Hijri mein dars-o-tadrees ke liye baithne se le kar un ki wafaat san 241 Hijri tak.

 

2. Naqal aur Irtiqaa:

Imam sahib ki wafaat san 241 Hijri se le kar Hasan bin Haamid ki wafaat san 403 Hijri tak.

 

3. Tahreer aur Tanqeeh:

Hasan bin Haamid ki wafaat san 403 Hijri se le kar Burhaan Ibn-e-Muflih ki wafaat san 884 Hijri tak.

 

4. Istiqraar aur Istihkaam:

Burhaan Ibn-e-Muflih ki wafaat san 884 Hijri se le kar hamaare maujoodah daur tak.

 

Hanbali Mazhab ki Isha’at ke Awaamil:

 

1. Imam Ahmad ka ahadees-o-riwayaat ke wasee’ ilm aur Sahaba ke fiqah ke mutabiq gehre fiqah ko jama karna.
2. Khalq-e-Qur’an ke fitne mein aap ki imaamat aur saabit-qadami ka zaahir hona, jis ki wajah se aap ka zikar duniya bhar mein phail gaya.
3. Aap se riwayat karne walon, aap se ilm haasil karne walon aur aap ke aqwaal-o-masaail ko jama karne walon ki kasrat.
4. Baaz Abbasi khulafa ka aap ki taraf mansoob hona, jaise Al-Qaa’im Bi-Amrillah, phir un ke betay Al-Muqtadi Bi-Amrillah.
5. Baaz Hanaabilah ka Mansab-e-Qaza, Deewan-ul-Mazaalim aur deegar kayi hukoomati aur deeni mansabon par faa’iz hona.

 

Doosre Mazaahib ke Muqaabilay mein Hanbali Mazhab ki Kam Isha’at ke Asbaab:

 

1. Doosre mazaahib ke muqaabilay mein is ki tadween ka taakheer se hona.
2. Is ka us waqt aana jab is se pahle ke teenon mazaahib Islami mamaalik ke aksar awaam ke dilon mein raasikh ho chuke the.
3. Aksar zamaanon mein ise hukmaraanon ki pusht panaahi aur taa’eed haasil nahin huwi.
4. Bahut se zamaanon mein Hanaabilah ka mansab-e-qaza aur deegar hukoomati uhday sambhaalne se parhez (aur taqwa ki raah) ikhtiyaar karna.
5. Daleel ki pairwi par Imam sahib ki shadeed hirs, jis ki wajah se un ke shagirdon mein ijtihaad ki hirs aur mazhab ki andhi taqleed ya ta’assub na karne ka jazba paida huwa.

 

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