01. Meeras se mutaliq Quraani Ayaat-o-Ahkaam [The Importance of the Knowledge of Inheritance]
Meeraas say mut’aliq Qurani Ayaat-o-Ahkaam
قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
يُوصِيكُمُ ٱللَّهُ فِىٓ أَوۡلَـٰدِڪُمۡۖ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثۡلُ حَظِّ ٱلۡأُنثَيَيۡنِۚ فَإِن كُنَّ نِسَآءً۬ فَوۡقَ ٱثۡنَتَيۡنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَۖ وَإِن كَانَتۡ وَٲحِدَةً۬ فَلَهَا ٱلنِّصۡفُۚ وَلِأَبَوَيۡهِ لِكُلِّ وَٲحِدٍ۬ مِّنۡہُمَا ٱلسُّدُسُ مِمَّا تَرَكَ إِن كَانَ لَهُ ۥ وَلَدٌ۬ۚ فَإِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّهُ ۥ وَلَدٌ۬ وَوَرِثَهُ ۥۤ أَبَوَاهُ فَلِأُمِّهِ ٱلثُّلُثُۚ فَإِن كَانَ لَهُ ۥۤ إِخۡوَةٌ۬ فَلِأُمِّهِ ٱلسُّدُسُۚ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٍ۬ يُوصِى بِہَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٍۗ ءَابَآؤُكُمۡ وَأَبۡنَآؤُكُمۡ لَا تَدۡرُونَ أَيُّهُمۡ أَقۡرَبُ لَكُمۡ نَفۡعً۬اۚ فَرِيضَةً۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمً۬ا
( سورة النساء : ١١/٤-١٢)
قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
يَسۡتَفۡتُونَكَ قُلِ ٱللَّهُ يُفۡتِيڪُمۡ فِى ٱلۡكَلَـٰلَةِۚ إِنِ ٱمۡرُؤٌاْ هَلَكَ لَيۡسَ لَهُ ۥ وَلَدٌ۬ وَلَهُ ۥۤ أُخۡتٌ۬ فَلَهَا نِصۡفُ مَا تَرَكَۚ وَهُوَ يَرِثُهَآ إِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّهَا وَلَدٌ۬ۚ فَإِن كَانَتَا ٱثۡنَتَيۡنِ فَلَهُمَا ٱلثُّلُثَانِ مِمَّا تَرَكَۚ وَإِن كَانُوٓاْ إِخۡوَةً۬ رِّجَالاً۬ وَنِسَآءً۬ فَلِلذَّكَرِ مِثۡلُ حَظِّ ٱلۡأُنثَيَيۡنِۗ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَڪُمۡ أَن تَضِلُّواْۗ وَٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىۡءٍ عَلِيمُۢ
( سورة النساء : ١٧٦/٤)
قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
وَأُولُوا الْأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ فِي كِتَبِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ
( سورة الأنفال : ١٧٥/٨)
✦ Ilm-e-Meeraas ki ahmiyat ✦
✯ Islami Qawaaneen-e-Wiraasat Shari’at mein bohat zayaada ahmiyat kay haamil hain. Is kay qawaaneen quran aur Sunnat-e-Nabwi صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم say Maankhoz hain. Quran kareem ki surah Al-Nisaa ki ayaat number 11, 12 aur 176 mein wazeh tor par Mayyat kay Maan, Baap, Beta, Beti, Khawand, Biwi aur Bhai, Behnoon ki wiraasat ko bil tafseel bayan kiya gaya hai aur jin waarison ka bayaan quran kareem mein mujood nahi hai. Sunnat-e-Nabwi صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم nay un warison kay huqooq ki wazaahat kar di hai, Maslan Dadi, Nani, Poti aur Potay ki warrasat isi tarhan Ashaab-ul-Furooz ki mujoodgi mein Asaba’h ki wiraasat waghera waghera aur agar in kay ilawa koi qaziya reh gaya tha jis ka quran kareem aur hadees mein zikar nahi hai to usay Sayyiduna Abu Bakar aur Sayyiduna Umar رضی اللہ عنہ kay Ahad-e-Khilafat mein sahaaba kay ijma say hal kar liya gaya tha. Jaisa kay:
میراث الجد مع الاخوۃ
yani Daada kay hamrah Aini aur allati Bhai behnon ki wiraasat aur deegar Masla-e-Mushtarikah, Masla-e-Umrayatain, Masla-e-Ukduriya, Neez Auol aur radd kay masail waghera waghera, In ka hal Sayyiduna Umar رضی اللہ عنہ kay Ahad-e-Khilafat mein kiya gaya tha.
❁ Nabi Akram صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم khud apni zindagi mein wiraasat kay qawaneen ki taleem diya kartay thay aur kabhi kabhi wiraasat kay masail kay baray mein sahaba say Sawal-o-Jawaab bhi kiya kartay thay jaisa keh Tirmizi aur Ibn-e-Majah mein Sayyiduna Anas رضی اللہ عنہ ki riwayat hai kay Rasoolullah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم nay aik dafaa Sayyiduna Zaid bin Saabit رضی اللہ عنہ Kay mutalliq irshad farmaya keh…
أن أفرضکم زید
yani wiraasat kay masail ko hal karnay kay baray mein meray sahaba mein say Zaid sab say zayada Maanhir hain. Aur Sayyiduna Umar nay aik dafaa Jabiyah Nami shehar mein khutba irshad farmaya keh agar kisi nay wiraasat kay baray mein sawaal pochna ho to Sayyiduna Zaid bin Saabit رضی اللہ عنہ say ja kar pouchay.
❁ Nabi Akram صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم apnay sahaba ko wiraasat ka ilm seekhnay ki targheeb diya kartay thay, Jaisa keh mandarja zail Ahadees-e-Sharifa say waze’h hota hai.
عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ : قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : تَعَلَّمُوا الْفَرَائِضَ إِنَّهَا مِنْ دِينِكُمْ – زاد ابن مسعود رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ – اَلطَّلَاقُ وَالْحَجّ
❁ “Ameer-ul-Mo’mineen Sayyiduna Umar bin Khattaab رضی اللہ عنہ say riwaayat hai keh Rasoolullah (صلى اللہ علیْه وسلم ) nay hum say farmaaya: Wiraasat kay qawaaneen sikho kiunkeh yeh tumahray deen ka hissa hain. Ibn-e-Masood رضی اللہ عنہ nay is riwaayat mein izafah kiya keh Talaaq aur hajj kay masail bhi sikho”
عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ أَنَّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : تَعَلَّمُوا الْقُرْآنَ وَعَلِّمُوهَا النَّاسَ وَتَعَلَّمُوا الْفَرَائِضَ وَعَلِّمُوهَا النَّاسَ، فَإِنَّى امرؤ مَقْبُوضٌ وَإِنَّ الْعِلْمَ سَيُقْبَضُ وَتَظْهَرُ الْفِتَنُ حَيْثُ يَخْتَلِفَ الْإِثْنَانِ فِي الْفَرِيضَهِ فَلَا يَجِدَانِ مَنْ يَفْصِلُ بَيْنَهُمَا )رواہ الترمذی والامام احمد، نیل الاوطار)
❁ “Sayyiduna Ibn-e-Maso’od رضی اللہ عنہ say riwaayat hai keh Nabi صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم nay farmaya: “Quran sikho aur logon ko sikhao, Aur meeraas ko sikho aur logon ko sikhao, Yaqeenan mein duniya say rukhsat ho jaaonga. (Quran aur meeraas) ka ilm utha liya jaye ga aur fitnay zahir ho jayen gay aur anqareeb wiraasat ki taqseem mein do logon kay Maan’bain jhagda ho jaye ga tu un kay darmiyan faisla karnay wala koi nah milay ga.”
[ Rawaahut- tirmizi, walimaam Ahmad, Neel -ul- autaar]
عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ : الْعِلْمُ ثَلَاثَةٌ وَمَا سَوَى ذَلِكَ فَضْل، آيَةٌ مُحْكَمَةً أَوْ سُنَّةٌ قَائِمَةٌ أَوْ فَرِيضَةٌ عَادِلَةٌ (رواہ ابوداؤد)
❁ “Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Amar bin Aas رضی اللہ عنہ say marwi hai jin uloom ka seekhna zaroori hai woh teen tarhan kay hain. Jabkeh dosray uloom ka seekhna fazeelat kay baab mein aata hai woh yeh hain quran ki Aayaat-e-Ahkaam ka seekhna, Dosra Sunnat-e-Nabwi صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم ka ilm, Teesra faraiz yani wiraasat ka ilm jo saaray ka sara haq par mabni hai.”
[Abu Dawood; Ibn Majah]
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ تَعَلَّمُوا الْفَرَائِضَ وَعلمُوهَا النَّاسَ فَإِنَّهُ نِصْفُ العِلم وَهُوَ ينسى وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ شَى يُنْزَعُ مِنْ أُمَّتي (رواہ ابن ماجۃ، والدارقطنی، و نیل الاوطار)
❁ Sayyiduna Abu Huraira رضی اللہ عنہ say riwaayat hai keh Rasoolullah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم nay farmaya: Faraiz sikho aur logon ko sikhao, Yaqeenan yeh aadha ilm hai aur yeh bhula diya jaye ga, Aur yeh pehla ilm hoga jo meri ummat say utha liya jaye ga.”
[Rawaah -o- ibn -e- maaja, wal- Daar -ul- qutni, wa neel -ul- autaar]
▲ Mazkoorah ahadees say saabit hota hai kay musalmanoon ko wiraasat kay ilm ko seekhna chahiye kiunkeh deegar uloom kay muqaabla mein Ilm-e-Meeraas ko seekhnay ki bohat ahmiyat hai.
✯ Ibn-e-Uyaina رحمہ اللہ kehtay hain Ilm-ul-Meeraas ko is liye nisaf ilm kaha gaya hai keh marnay kay baad har musalman ka is say waastaa padta hai.
REFERENCE:
Book: “Islam Ka Qanoon-e-Warasaat”
By Salah Uddin Haider Lakhwi.
✦ The Importance of the Knowledge of Inheritance
قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
يُوصِيكُمُ ٱللَّهُ فِىٓ أَوۡلَـٰدِڪُمۡۖ لِلذَّكَرِ مِثۡلُ حَظِّ ٱلۡأُنثَيَيۡنِۚ فَإِن كُنَّ نِسَآءً۬ فَوۡقَ ٱثۡنَتَيۡنِ فَلَهُنَّ ثُلُثَا مَا تَرَكَۖ وَإِن كَانَتۡ وَٲحِدَةً۬ فَلَهَا ٱلنِّصۡفُۚ وَلِأَبَوَيۡهِ لِكُلِّ وَٲحِدٍ۬ مِّنۡہُمَا ٱلسُّدُسُ مِمَّا تَرَكَ إِن كَانَ لَهُ ۥ وَلَدٌ۬ۚ فَإِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّهُ ۥ وَلَدٌ۬ وَوَرِثَهُ ۥۤ أَبَوَاهُ فَلِأُمِّهِ ٱلثُّلُثُۚ فَإِن كَانَ لَهُ ۥۤ إِخۡوَةٌ۬ فَلِأُمِّهِ ٱلسُّدُسُۚ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِيَّةٍ۬ يُوصِى بِہَآ أَوۡ دَيۡنٍۗ ءَابَآؤُكُمۡ وَأَبۡنَآؤُكُمۡ لَا تَدۡرُونَ أَيُّهُمۡ أَقۡرَبُ لَكُمۡ نَفۡعً۬اۚ فَرِيضَةً۬ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمً۬ا
( سورة النساء : ١١/٤-١٢)
قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
يَسۡتَفۡتُونَكَ قُلِ ٱللَّهُ يُفۡتِيڪُمۡ فِى ٱلۡكَلَـٰلَةِۚ إِنِ ٱمۡرُؤٌاْ هَلَكَ لَيۡسَ لَهُ ۥ وَلَدٌ۬ وَلَهُ ۥۤ أُخۡتٌ۬ فَلَهَا نِصۡفُ مَا تَرَكَۚ وَهُوَ يَرِثُهَآ إِن لَّمۡ يَكُن لَّهَا وَلَدٌ۬ۚ فَإِن كَانَتَا ٱثۡنَتَيۡنِ فَلَهُمَا ٱلثُّلُثَانِ مِمَّا تَرَكَۚ وَإِن كَانُوٓاْ إِخۡوَةً۬ رِّجَالاً۬ وَنِسَآءً۬ فَلِلذَّكَرِ مِثۡلُ حَظِّ ٱلۡأُنثَيَيۡنِۗ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَڪُمۡ أَن تَضِلُّواْۗ وَٱللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَىۡءٍ عَلِيمُۢ
( سورة النساء : ١٧٦/٤)
قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى:
وَأُولُوا الْأَرْحَامِ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلَى بِبَعْضٍ فِي كِتَبِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ
( سورة الأنفال : ١٧٥/٨)
✦ The Importance of the Knowledge of Inheritance
✯ Islamic Inheritance Laws hold great significance in Shari’ah. These laws are derived from the Qur’an and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). In verses 11, 12, and 176 of Surah Al-Nisa in the Qur’an, the inheritance of the deceased’s mother, father, son, daughter, husband, wife, brother, and sister is clearly explained in detail. As for the heirs not mentioned in the Qur’an, the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) clarified their rights through the Sunnah. For example, the inheritance of paternal and maternal grandparents, grandsons and granddaughters, as well as the inheritance of distant relatives, and in cases where there was an issue not addressed by the Qur’an or Hadith, it was resolved during the caliphates of Sayyiduna Abu Bakr and Sayyiduna Umar (RA) through consensus of the Companions. For example:
ميراث الجد مع الاخوۃ
(The inheritance of the grandfather alongside the brothers and sisters) and other similar issues such as the inheritance of joint properties, issues of marriages, and other related matters were resolved during the caliphate of Sayyiduna Umar (رضی اللہ عنہ).
❁ The Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) himself taught the laws of inheritance during his lifetime and would sometimes ask his companions questions regarding inheritance matters. For instance, it is narrated in Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah from Sayyiduna Anas (رضی اللہ عنہ) that the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) once stated about Sayyiduna Zaid bin Thabit (رضی اللہ عنہ):
“Among my companions, Zaid is the most knowledgeable regarding inheritance matters.”
Furthermore, Sayyiduna Umar (رضی اللہ عنہ) once gave a sermon in the city of Jabiyah, urging the people to consult Sayyiduna Zaid bin Thabit (رضی اللہ عنہ) regarding inheritance matters.
❁ The Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) also encouraged his companions to learn the knowledge of inheritance, as stated in the following Hadith:
“Learn the obligations, for they are part of your religion.”
(Sahih Ibn Masood,( رضی اللہ عنہ)
عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ : قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : تَعَلَّمُوا الْفَرَائِضَ إِنَّهَا مِنْ دِينِكُمْ – زاد ابن مسعود رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ – اَلطَّلَاقُ وَالْحَجّ
❁ Sayyiduna Umar bin Khattaab (رضی اللہ عنہ) narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said: “Learn the laws of inheritance, for they are part of your religion. Ibn Masood (رضی اللہ عنہ) added that divorce and Hajj matters should also be learned.”
عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ أَنَّ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ : تَعَلَّمُوا الْقُرْآنَ وَعَلِّمُوهَا النَّاسَ وَتَعَلَّمُوا الْفَرَائِضَ وَعَلِّمُوهَا النَّاسَ، فَإِنَّى امرؤ مَقْبُوضٌ وَإِنَّ الْعِلْمَ سَيُقْبَضُ وَتَظْهَرُ الْفِتَنُ حَيْثُ يَخْتَلِفَ الْإِثْنَانِ فِي الْفَرِيضَهِ فَلَا يَجِدَانِ مَنْ يَفْصِلُ بَيْنَهُمَا )رواہ الترمذی والامام احمد، نیل الاوطار)
❁ Sayyiduna Ibn Mas’ud (رضی اللہ عنہ) narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said: “Learn the Qur’an and teach it to the people, learn the laws of inheritance and teach them to others, for I am about to depart, and the knowledge of inheritance will be taken away, and fitnah (trials) will appear when two people dispute over inheritance and will not find anyone to decide between them.”
(Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah)
عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ : الْعِلْمُ ثَلَاثَةٌ وَمَا سَوَى ذَلِكَ فَضْل، آيَةٌ مُحْكَمَةً أَوْ سُنَّةٌ قَائِمَةٌ أَوْ فَرِيضَةٌ عَادِلَةٌ (رواہ ابوداؤد)
❁ Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Amr bin al-Aas (رضی اللہ عنہ) narrated that the knowledge essential to learn is of three types: the knowledge of clear verses in the Qur’an, the knowledge of the Sunnah, and the knowledge of the obligations, such as inheritance, which is based entirely on rights.
(Abu Dawood, Ibn Majah)
عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ تَعَلَّمُوا الْفَرَائِضَ وَعلمُوهَا النَّاسَ فَإِنَّهُ نِصْفُ العِلم وَهُوَ ينسى وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ شَى يُنْزَعُ مِنْ أُمَّتي (رواہ ابن ماجۃ، والدارقطنی، و نیل الاوطار)
❁ Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah (رضی اللہ عنہ) narrated that the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said: “Learn the laws of inheritance and teach them to others, for it is half of knowledge, and it will be the first knowledge to be taken away from my Ummah.”
(Ibn Majah, al-Daraqutni, and Neel al-Awtar)
▲ The above-mentioned Hadiths prove that it is crucial for Muslims to learn the knowledge of inheritance, as this knowledge holds significant importance compared to other sciences.
✯ Ibn Uyaynah (رضی اللہ عنہ) said that the knowledge of inheritance is called “half of knowledge” because every Muslim encounters it after death.
REFERENCE:
Urdu Book: “Islam Ka Qanoon-e-Warasaat” of Salah Uddin Haider Lakhwi.
English translation by : Umme Abdul Rahman.
Review by : Professor Sheikh Bilal.