02. Ahad-e-Nabwi say qabal wiraasat ki taqseem kay qawaaneen
Ahad-e-Nabwi say qabal wiraasat ki taqseem kay qawaaneen
Islam kay Qawaaneen-e-Wiraasat ko jan-nay say pehlay zaroori hai keh hum bil-ikhtisaar wiraasat kay un qawaaneen, Qawaid aur usoolon say ta’aruf Haasil karein jo islam kay zahoor say qabal doosri qomon mein paye jatay thay. Un ka muqaarna aur muqaabla karnay say aik Aqil qaari par yeh waze’h ho jaye ga keh Adal-o-Insaaf kahan paaya jata hai. Islami ta’liMaant mein ya doosri qomon kay khud sakhta usoolon mein sab say pehlay Sayyiduna Moosa علیہ السلام ki ummt yani mujooda zamanay kay Yahudion (Bani Israel) kay Qawaaneen-e-Wirasat dekhtay hain:
❁ Yahodion ka Qanoon-e-Wiraasat
Kalma-e-Yahood “ھاد” say mushtaq hai jis kay lughwi Maana “Rujoo karna hai” Isay Sayyiduna Moosa علیہ السلام kay is maqola say liya gaya hai
إنا هدْنا إلیْك أیْ رجْعنا وتضرعْنا
Yahudion say muraad woh log hain jo Sayyiduna Moosa علیہ السلام ki pairwi ka daawa kartay hain. Sayyiduna Yaqoob علیہ السلام ki nasal say honay ki wajah say inhein Bani- Israel bhi kaha jata hai kiunkeh Ibrani zabaan mein in ka naam Israel hi tha.
Baaz mo’arrikheen ka kehna hai keh “Yahood” Sayyiduna Yaqoob علیہ السلام kay aik Betay ka naam tha aur is ki aulaad ko Bani Yahuda kaha jata tha. Phir is ki Kasrat-e-Nasal ki wajah say Sayyiduna Yaqoob علیہ السلام ki jumla aulaad ko Yahodi kehna mashoor ho gaya .
( Tareekh-ul-Arab Qabal-al-Islam: 6/95)
Yahudion ki meeraas mein sirf Mayyat kay Betay, Baap, Chacha aur Bhai hi waaris ho satkay hain yahodi mazhab mein aurat waaris nahi ban sakti chahay woh Mayyat ki Maan, Beti, Behan ya Biwi hi kiun nah ho. In kay ki tafseel darj zail hai.
Beta: Agar Baap faut ho jaye to is kay waaris sirf Betay hi hungay aur sab say baday Betay ka hissa dosray beton ki nisbat dugna hoga. Lekin agar woh sab barabar barabar taqseem par raazi ho jayen to yeh taqseem bhi durust hogi.
(Al-Ahkaam-ul-Shar’iya 2/187)
Beti: Agar shara’i waarison mein Beti bhi mujood ho to woh sirf Nan-o-Nafqa ki mustahiq hogi woh bhi baloghat tak pounchanay ki had tak aur shadi karnay ki soorat mein woh Baap ki jaedaad mein say shadi kay akhrajaat ki hi mustahiq hogi.
Dekhiye islam nay aurat par kis qader ahsaan kiya hai keh Beti ko Betay ki mujoodgi mein “لِلذَّكَرِ مِثۡلُ حَظِّ ٱلۡأُنثَيَيۡنِ” kay tahat waaris banaya hai agar woh akeeli hai to woh aadhi jaedaad ki waaris hogi. Jis ki tafseel (Beti ki wiraasat kay baab mein aaye gi)
(Al-Ahkaam-ul-Shar’iya: 3/145)
Maan: Agar kisi aurat ka Beta ya Beti faut ho jaye to un ki Maan apni aulaad ki jaedaad ki waris nahi hogi. balkeh jaedaad ka waaris Mayyat ka Beta hoga. Aulaad ki Adam mujoodgi mein Mayyat ka Baap waaris hoga. Us ki Adam mujoodgi mein Mayyat ka haqeeqi Bhai us ka waaris hoga. Lekin mutwaffa ki Maan bilkul waaris nahi hai.
Lekin islam mein Maan apni aulaad ki jaedaad mein say kabhi teesray aur kabhi chatay hissa ki waaris hoti hai. Aur kabhi bhi wiraasat say mahroom nahi hui. (Is ki tafseel إن شاءاللّٰه Maan ki wiraasat kay baab my aye gi)
(Al-Muqaaranaat-ul-Muqaabalaat: 236)
Biwi: Khawand Biwi ki wiraasat mein agar Khawand pehlay faut ho jaye to Biwi apnay mutwaffa Khawand ki jaedaad mein say waaris nahi ban sakti aur agar Biwi pehlay faut ho jaye to Khawand is ki sab jaedaad ka tanha waaris hoga. Biwi ki koi aulaad bhi is ki waaris nahi ban sakti
(Al-Muqaaranaat-ul-Muqaabalaat: 253, Al-Ahkaam-ul-Shar’iya: 2/172)
Lekin islami Qanoon-e-Wiraasat mein Khawand aur Biwi donon aik dosray kay waaris bantay hain.
Walad-ul-Zina: Yahudion kay haan Walad-ul-Zina (Haraam zaadah) apnay Maan Baap ka shara’i waaris hota hai is ka darja un kay haqeeqi Betay ki tarhan hi hai. Agar woh un ki pehli aulaad hai to woh dosray shara’i beton say dugna lay ga. (Al-Muqaaranaat-ul-Muqaabalaat: 253, Al-Ahkaam-ul-Shar’iya: 2/173)
Lekin islami wiraasat mein Walad-ul-Zina sirf apni Maan hi ka waaris hota hai. Agar kisi mutwaffa ka koi waaris nah ho. Yani Baap, Daada, Beta, Bhai ya Chacha waghera mein say koi bhi nah ho. To us ki jaedaad ka waaris woh shakhas hoga jis nay sab say pehlay us ki jaedaad ko qabza mein lay liya. Teen saal tak is kay paas Bator-e-Amanat rahay gi. Un teen salon mein agar koi waaris zahir nah howa to saari jaedaad us ki milkiyat tasawwur ki jaye gi (qabza guroup bananay ka yahodi dastoor hai)
(Al-Muqaarinaat-ul-Muqaabalaat: 253)
Yeh hain Yahudion ki wiraasat kay baaz qawaneen jo mein nay mukhtasar tor par bayaan kiye hain. In say zahir hota hai keh Yahodi mazhab mein Maan, Biwi, Beti ya Behan apnay kisi Aziz ki waaris nahi ban sakti isi tarhan Khawand apni Biwi ki saari jaedaad ka waaris hoga lekin Biwi kisi soorat mein bhi apnay mutwaffa Khaawand ki waaris nahi ban sakti isi tarhan Beta apni mutawaffa Maan ka waaris hoga. Lekin Maan apnay mutwaffa Betay ki waaris nahi hogi.
❁ Eesai’yat mein wiraasat kay qawaneen
Nasaar’a (Eisaai) woh log hain jo Sayyiduna Eesa علیہ السلام ki pairwi ka daawa kartay hain. Mujooda Injeel mein kisi qisam kay Aa’eyli, Iqtisaadi ya mu’ashi qawaaneen ka koi tazkira nahi hai. Balkeh Injeel to Rohani aur akhlaqi qadron jaisay Pand-o-Nasaa’eh ki haamil hai. Is mein wiraasat say mutaliq koi qanoon nahi hai chunancha Ahal-e-Kanis’ah nay wiraasat kay baray mein roman aur Yahudion kay Qanoon-e-Wiraasat par amal kiya hai. Aur baaz doosri shari’yton say bhi istifada kiya hai. Misaal kay tor par in dinon Mulk-e-Urdan kay Nasar’a, islam kay Qawaneen-e-Wiraasat par hi amal paira hain.
Urdun kay Nasrani aalim dr Sulaiman marqas nay apni kitaab mein Sayyiduna Eesa bin Maryam علیھا السلام kay mut’alliq aik waqiya’h likha hai keh aik aadmi nay Sayyiduna Eesa علیہ السلام kay paas iltimaas ki keh aap meray Bhai say kahein kay hamaray waalid ki jaedaad mein say aadha hissa mujhay day, To jawab mein Sayyiduna Eesa علیہ السلام nay farmaya: “Mujhay kisi nay jaedaad ki taqseem karnay wala qaazi bana kar nahi bheja.”
(Al-Madkhal-ul-Uloom-e-Al Qanoniyya: 238)
Injeel-e-Mat’ta mein yeh darj hai “Aap ko koi ghalat fahmi nahi honi chahiye keh mein kiun mab’oos kiya gaya hon. Mein Sayyiduna Moosa علیہ السلام kay qawaneen ko mansookh karnay nahi aaya, Balkeh mein unhein mukammal karnay aaya hon taakeh unhein sacha saabit karoon aur is kitaab (Tauraat) kay ahkaam us waqt tak jari rahen gay jab tak un ka maqsood poora nah ho jaye.”
(Mata, Baab no 5, Ayat no: 17-19)
Is say bhi saaf zahir ho raha hai kay Nasranion kay Qawaneen-e-Wiraasat kay tahat koi aurat waris nahi ban sakti aur palothi ka ladka saari ki saari jaedaad ka tanha waaris hoga.
❁ Islam say pehlay jahliat kay zamana mein Arbonn ka Nizaam-e-Wiraasat
Jazeert-ul-Arab mein rehnay walon ko umuman arab kaha jata hai tareekh batati hai keh jahliat kay zamanay mein Arbonn kay aksar qabail aik jagah par mustaqil sukoonat Pazeer nahi hotay thay. Balkeh jahan pani aur ghaas waafar miqdaar mein paaya jata wahein rehna shuru kar detay thay. Is kay baad kisi dosray ilaqay ki taraf safar kar jatay. Woh log bad’wiyana zindagi guzartay. Koi iqtisadi, Mu’aashi ya ijtimaa’i nizaam nahi tha. Jungal kay Maroof qanoon kay mutabiq “Jis ki laathi us ki bhens” par amal kartay thay. Is liye un kay Mah-o-Saal, Jung-o-Jaddal aur lout maar mein guzartay thay. Aur is par fakhar bhi kartay thay. Isi liye un Arbonn kay haan wiraasat ka inhisaar rujoli’yat aur qo’wwat par mabni tha. Aur sirf mard hi waaris hotay thay aur aurat zaat ki koi haisi’yat nahi thi, Balkeh un say janwaron jaisa sulook kiya jata tha. Koi aurat apnay kisi rishta daar yani Baap, Khawand, Aulaad ki waaris nahi ban sakti thi.
❁ Jahli’at kay daur mein Arbonn kay haan Husool-e-Wiraasat kay murawwaja teen asbaab
1: Al-Nasab wal qaraabat
2: Al-Tabanna
3: Al-Hal’af
(Tafseer Al Qurttabi: 5/ 79, Ahkaam-ul-Quraan libn-e-Al Arbi: 1/328, Tafseer Al Tabraani: 4/275, Ahkaam-ul-Quran Lil Jas’saas: 23, Taareekh-ul-Arab Qabal-al-Islaam: 5/274-275)
1: Al-Nasab (Khooni rishta)
Arbon mein nasab yani khooni rishta ki bina par wiraasat pai jati thi lekin qaraabat aur khooni rishta honay kay bawajood Maan, Beti, Behan, Chotey bachon aur bodhon mardon ko tarka say mahroom rakha jata tha. Kiunkeh un mein dushmnon kay khilaaf jung karnay ki himmat nahi hoti aur nah hi apnay qabeela ka kisi tareeqa say difaa kar satkay hain. Is liye tarka kay mustahiq sirf no-jawaan aur bahadur qisam kay log hotay thay. Is qanoon par islam kay ibtidai ayyaam mein bhi amal kiya jata raha. Yahan tak keh Sayyiduna Saad bin Al-Rabee رضی اللہ عنہ Ghazwah-e-Uhad mein shaheed ho gaye to un ki Biwi apni do Betiyon ko lay kar Nabiصلی اللہ علیہ وسلم kay paas aai aur arz kiya ya Rasoolullah صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم yeh Saad bin Al-Rabee رضی اللہ عنہ ki Betiyan hain jo Ghazwah-e-Uhad mein shaheed ho gaye hain aur un kay Chacha nay Saad ki saari jaedaad apnay qabza mein lay li hai aur un kay liye kuch bhi nahi chodha aur maal kay baghair un ki shadian kis tarhan ho sakti hain? Aap صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم nay farmaaya: Allah ta’ala is kay mut’aliq zaroor koi faisla farmaiye ga. Chunancha is kay baad meeraas ki ayaat یوصیكم اللہ فی أوْلادكمْ. .. الخ nazil hoyin to aap صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم nay un kay Chacha say kaha Saad ki Betiyon ko do tihai (2/3) aur is ki Biwi ko jaedad ka aathwan hissa (1/8) do aur jo baqi bachay ga woh tumhara hai. (اخرجہ البخاری ومسلم عن جابر بن عبداللہ)
Islam say qabal aurat ki koi haisiyat nahi thi aur islam hi nay aurat ko pasti aur zillat say nikaal kar izzat aur Sharf ataa kiya.
2: Al-Taban’na
Arbon mein yeh rawaaj tha keh kisi dosray kay Betay ko apna Beta bana liya jata tha. Phir usay usi ki taraf mansoob kiya jata tha aur mutabn’na Beta us ka waaris bhi hota tha. Jaisa keh Nabi Akram صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم nay bai’sat say qabal Zaid bin Haarisa رضی اللہ عنہ ko azad kar keh apna Beta bana liya tha. Phir usay Zaid bin Muhammad صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم say puraaka jata tha aur islam kay ibtidai ayyaam tak yeh rawaaj qaim daaim raha. Hat’ta kay surah Al-Ahzaab ki aayat number: 4-5 kay nuzool par usay mansookh kar diya gaya.
3: Al-Halaf (Mu’aahada)
Jaahli’at kay daur mein arab halaf kay zar’iya aik dosray kay waaris bantay thay woh halaf mein kehtay thay: دمی دمك وهدْمی هدْمك ترثنی وارثك تطلب بی وأطْلب بك moahada mukammal honay par kisi aik ki wafaat kay baad dosra us ki jaedad mein say chatta hissa (1/6) ka waaris bantaa tha. Baad mein Aurah Al-Anfaal aayat (وأولوا الأرْحام بعْضهمْ أوْلی ببعْضٍ فی کتاب اللہ) kay nuzool par halaf kay zar’iye wiraasat mansookh hogai.
Yeh hain wiraasat kay woh qawaaneen jo qabal az islam doosri qomon mein raa’ij thay. Aik insaaf pasand aur aqalmand qaari par zaroor yeh wazeh ho gaya hoga keh insaaf kahan paaya jata hai. Khud saakhta qawaaneen mein ya Allah Suhanaho wa Taala kay nazil kardah qawaneen mein, Jis nay aurat, Kamzor aur na-tawaan mardon ko Adal-o-Insaaf muhay’ya kiya hai aur har haq daar ko us ka haq diya hai.
REFERENCE:
Book: “Islam Ka Qanoon-e-Warasaat”
By Salah Uddin Haider Lakhwi.