Imam Bayhaqi (رحمة الله)

     Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ke haalaat e zindagi

 

Ism e girami aur kuniyat o alqabaat:

Aap Rahimahullah ka nasb naama yun hai: Ahmad bin Hussain bin Ali bin Abdullah bin Musa. Aap ki kuniyat Abu Bakr hai. Aap Rahimahullah ka laqab Bayhaqi hai, jo darasal Nishapur ke ek sheher ki taraf nisbat hai. Baaz ne Khusro Jardi likha hai jo Bayhaq sheher ka ek qasba hai.

Tarikh-o-jaayee paidaish:

Sawaneh nigaron ka ittefaq hai ki aap Sha’ban 384 Hijri ba mutabiq September 994 AD ko paida hue. Albatta Al-Kamil ke musannif Allama Ibn Kathir Rahimahullah ne aap ki Tarikh e paidaish mein jamhoor se ikhtilaf kia hai ke aap Rahimahullah 384 Hijri ke bajaye 387 Hijri ko paida hue. Lekin un ke is shaaz qaul ki taraf koi tawajjo nahi di jayegi kyunke awwal to deegar sawaneh nigaron ka is ke khilaf par ijma’ ho chuka hai aur saani ye ke un ka zamana un ke mukhalifeen ki banisbat Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ke zamane se door ka hai.

Tarikh e wafaat:

Mu’arrikheen ke mutabiq aap Rahimahullah ne Jamada Al Thania 458 Hijri bamutabiq 1066 AD ko wafaat payi. Allama Yaqut Hamvi ne aap Rahimahullah ki Tarikh e wafaat mein jamhoor se ikhtilaf kia hai. Un ka kehna hai ki aap Rahimahullah 458 Hijri ki bajaye 454 Hijri mein faut hue. Lekin hum jamhoor ki riwayat ko tarjeeh denge; kyunke un hazraat ne Khateeb Baghdaadi Rahimahullah ki riwayat par aitemad kia hai aur Khateeb Baghdadi siqqah raavi hain. Neez Khateeb Baghdadi Rahimahullah ne Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki aulad mein se ek sahab se mulaqat bhi ki hai. Unhone bataya ke mere walid buzurgwar Sha’ban 384 Hijri mein paida hue aur Jamad Al Thania 458 Hijri mein faut hue.

Baqi raha wo jo kitab ke juzdaan se mila. Ya’ni behes isbaat e azaab e qabr mein likha tha ke aap Rahimahullah 580 Hijri mein faut hue, ye bilkul ghalat hai. Isi tarah Arab mumalik ki universitiyon ke dastavezi dafatir ki fehriston mein jo darj hai wo bhi muztarib hone ki bina par durust nahin.

Baharhaal khulasa ye hai ke aap Rahimahullah 74 saal zinda rahe. Khusro Jard mein aap Rahimahullah ki paidaish hui. Phir aap Rahimahullah ne muta’addad Islami mumalik ka safar kia. Bilaakhir zindagi ke aakhri ayyam mein aap Rahimahullah ke dil mein apni kitab “Ma’arifatu al sunan wa al-aasaar” ki tadrees ka da’iya paida hua. Chunanche aap Nishapur tashreef laye. Yahin aap ki wafaat hui. Aap ki mayyat ko Bayhaq ki taraf muntaqil kia gaya jahan aap Rahimahullah ki tadfeen hui.

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki asal:

Ghalib guman yehi hai ke aap Rahimahullah asal ke etebaar se Arab nahin they. Kyunke mu’arrikheen ne aap Rahimahullah ke nasab naama mein sirf teen naam zikr kiye hain, yaani Ali, Abdullah aur Musa. Agar aap Arabi hote to nasab naama taweel hota. Neez ek wajah aur bhi hai ke mu’arrikheen unki nisbat kabhi to Khusro Jard ki taraf karte hain aur kabhi Bayhaq ki taraf. Agar aap Rahimahullah Arabi hote to wo aapki nisbat kisi Arab sheher ki taraf karte.

Baharhaal is se Imam Bayhaqi ki qadr o manzilat mein koi kami nahin aati, kyunke Islam ne tamam insanon ko barabar qarar dia hai. Neez aap Rahimahullah ki Tehzeeb o saqāfat bhi Islami thi aur yehi asal maqsud hai. Aap Rahimahullah agar che asal ke aitebar se Ajami hain, lekin baad mein aap apni saqafat aur zaban o Qalam ke aitebar se Arabi kehlaye. Aap ne Arabi wirse ko mehfuz karne ke liye anthak mehnat ki aur apni tamam umr Arab ki Islami saqafat ke intehayi ahem wirse ki khidmat mein waqf kar di. Hamari murad Hadees e paak hai.

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki aulad:

 

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ne nek sāleh aulad chhorhi aur apne poton ko bhi dekha. Lekin Tarikh mein hamen sirf ek bete aur ek potey ka naam milta hai. Baqi aulad ke mutalliq bazahir malum hota hai ke wo sab bachpan mein inteqal kar gaye. Isi wajah se Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah un ke gham mein intehayi kamzor ho gaye they aur nazar mein bhi farq aagaya tha.

Tarikh mein hamein inke ek bete Ismail bin Ahmad ka zikr milta hai. Ye Mawra Al Nahr ke ilaqe mein Chief Justice they. Unhone ilm e fiqh apne walid se hasil kia aur ahadees bhi riwayat keen. Un ki paidaish 428 Hijri ko Khusro Jard mein hui aur wafaat 507 Hijri ko Bayhaq mein hui.

Isi tarah aap Rahimahullah ke ek potey ka naam bhi milta hai, yani Abul Hasan Ubaidullah bin Abu Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abu Bakr. Unhein hadees mein mukammal ma’refat nahin thi. Un ka shumar zu’afaa mein hota hai. Imam Zahbi Rahimahullah ne apni kitab “Meezan al aitedaal” mein un ka tazkara kia hai. Un ki wafaat 523 Hijri mein hui.

Isi tarah ke deegar bohat se haqaiq se Tarikh khamosh hai, jin ki pehchan ki hamen khwahish hai takeh un raazon se parda uth sake jo un ke hawale se zaruri hain. Lekin ye apni ehmiyat ke pesh e nazar us ke mutahammil nahin ke Tarikh ki zikr karda riwayat ke mutabiq un ke mutalliq qayaas aaraaiyan ki jayen. Ye hamare liye awwaleen haisiyat ke haamil hain.

Moashre mein aap Rahimahullah ka akhlaq o kirdaar:

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ne Islami moashre mein ek sachy musalman ki tarah zindgi basar ki. Apni ijtemai zindgi mein unhone akhlaq e hasana ko mazbuti se thame rakha. Mash’hoor hai ke bohat se logon ne unki pairavi ikhtiyar ki jab ke bohat kam log un ke mukhalif hue. Aap Rahimahullah ke akhlaq e kareemana mein khareed o farokht mein sachchai, amanat daari, faraiz ki paasdaari aur ma’asi se ijtinaab waghairah shamil hain. In hi ausaaf se aapki pehchan thi.

Haq ye hai ke ye ausaaf hamein imam sahab rahimahullah ki shakhsiyat ko samajhne mein itni madad faraham nahin karte jitna aap ka apne mahaul mein sardaaraana mizaaj o mazaaq karta hai. Ye cheezein aap Rahimahullah ki aadaat ban chuki thi.

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki imtiazi sifaat:

Insaan hone ki haisiyat se bhi aap Rahimahullah tarjeehi khususiyaat ke haamil they. Isi tarah uloom e Islamia ke maidan mein apni pehchan aap they. Lekin sab se zyada ahem aap Rahimahullah mein wo takhleeqi salahiyaten thi, jinhen hum khususiyat ke saath zikr karna pasand karenge. Un mein chaar zyada ahem hain.

• Zahaanat:

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ghazab ka hafiza rakhte they aur quwwi hāfiza zahaanat ka ek ahem unsar hota hai. Isi mazboot hafize ki wajah se aap Rahimahullah ka laqab “Hafiz” mash’hoor tha. Ye aisa laqab hai jo sirf us muhaddis ko dia jata hai jo ahadees ki kaseer ta’daad ka hafiz ho. Ba’z ne ye miqdaar bees hazaar ahadees batlayi hai aur ba’z ne paanch lakh. Jin hazraat ne Imam sahab Rahimahullah ko ye laqab diya un mein Imam Shamsuddin Zahbi Rahimahullah ka naam sar e fehrist hai. Aap Rahimahullah ne Imam sahab Rahimahullah ke haalaat apni kitab “ Tazkiratul Huffaaz” mein zikr farmaya hai. Un ke baad Ibn Abdul Barr Rahimahullah aur Khateeb Baghdadi Rahimahullah ka tazkirah kia hai.

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki wafaat ke baad hum ne ulama e hadees ko dekha wo kisi Muhaddis ko “Hafiz” ka laqab dene ke liye Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki kutub ko yaad karna shart qarar dete they.

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah aam muhaddiseen ki tarah sirf hafizul hadees hi na they ke un ki yaad ki hui ahadees bila tamayyuz laparwahi se radd kar di jayen. Balke aap Rahimahullah ne riwayat e hadees aur darayat e hadees ko jama farmaya. Isi tarah aap ki kutub ke qari ke liye intihaai sahulat hogayi ke wo un riwayaat mein tas’heeh o tad’eef, zabt o istimbaat, radd o qubool aur jama o tarjeeh ba-asani kar sakta hai.

Aap Rahimahullah ki zahanat ki gawah wo behtreen zabt o tarteeb bhi hai jo aap ki kutub mein dikhai deti hai. Ye cheez aql o zahanat ki zabardast tanzeem o tarteeb par khuli daleel hai. Choon’ke munazzam ilmi kaam ko pasand kia jata hai, is liye aap Rahimahullah ki nazar ne Imam Shafa’i Rahimahullah ki kutub ke hasan ko bhi jama kar lia hai. Kaha jata hai ke kisi bhi ilmi mawaad ki hasan tasneef teen umoor ki mohtaaj hai:

• Umda murattab alfaaz
• Masail mein usool ke mutabiq dalail zikr karna
• Had darja ikhtisaar

Imam Zahbi Rahimahullah ne farmaya: Jo shakhs apni tasneef ko umda banana chahe to us ke liye mazkoora teenon cheezen nagurez hain.

Muhaddiseen ka kehna hai ke Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki tasaneef mein husn e tarteeb ki wajah se barkat hai aur aap Rahimahullah apni kitab “Al sunan al Kubra” mein nazm o tarteeb ki intiha ko pohanch gaye hain.

Aap Rahimahullah ka zuhd o istaghna:

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah istaghna mein bhi mash’hur they. Isi wajah se seerat nigaron ne ye baat zikr karne mein ek doosre par sabqat le jaane ki koshish ki hai ke aap Rahimahullah intihaai qaleel guzar awqaat par qana’at karne wale they. Jaisa ke ye ulama e Rabbaniyyeen ki aadat hai.

Neez hamare ilm mein ye baat nahin ke wo kisi hukumati mansab ke mutawalli hue hon taake maal, martaba aur izzat o sardari hasil karen. Yaqeeni taur par malum nahi hai ke Imam sahab Rahimahullah ka zariya e ma’ash kya tha. Albatta ye malum hai ke aap Rahimahullah apne ilaqe mein kisi madrase mein mudarris they.

Choon’ke aap Rahimahullah bhalai sikhane wale ki ujrat ko halal khayal karte they aur use ta’leem e Quran par ujrat lene ke mutaradif qarar dete they.

Aisa bhi mumkin hai ke wo is se mustaghna hon, kyunke aap Rahimahullah tijarat se bhi waqif they jaisa ke hamare maujuda zamane ke ulama e karaam ka yehi tareeqa hai.

Aap Rahimahullah ke zuhd o istaghna aur hatta ul wasa’ mubah se bhi parhez karne par ye baat bhi gawah hai ki aap Rahimahullah ne apni zindgi ke aakhri tees saal roze ki halat mein guzare. Aap Rahimahullah barmala apni is raye ka izhaar farmate they ke jis shakhs ko nuqsaan ka andesha na ho wo poori zindagi musalsal roze rakh sakta hai.

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki ilmi o adabi shuja’at:

Ye Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ki teesri imtiyazi sifat hai. Aap Rahimahullah raye dene mein bahadur aur pehel karne mein harees they. Ye cheez agar che Badshah ke liye aib ki baat hai lekin sahab ilm  ke liye fazeelat o martaba ki baat hai. Is ke bawajood aap Rahimahullah behes o mubahise ke waqt apni zabaan o Qalam mehfuz rakhe they. Unhen sirf izhar e haq ke liye kaam mein laate. Ba’z auqaat apne madd e muqabil munazir ka naam tak na lete, balke uski haisiyat aur alqaab ka lihaaz rakhte huey us ka aizaaz o takreem karte. Mera khayal nahin ke unhone munazire ke daruan kisi ko challenge kia ho. Albatta Imam Abu Jafar Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Salama Tahavi (Mutawaffi 324 Hijri) ko ek baar challenge kia. Aap Rahimahullah ne unhen umda ausaaf se nawaza. Unhone ne ilmi behes ko sabit kia, jabke wo us se bari ho chuke they.

Hamare samne bohat se aise mawāqe hain jin se un ki bahaduri wazeh taur par samne aa jati hai. Maslan Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Yusuf Juwayni (mutawaffi 438 Hijri) jo fiqh Shafa’i aur us ke usool mein kafi shohrat rakhte they, un ka waqiya hai ke wo aap Rahimahullah ko muta’assub samajh baithey aur ek kitab likhi jis mein ba-rah-e-raast Qur’an o Hadees se istimbaat kia aur us kitab ka naam “Al-Muheet” rakha. Ye kitab teen jildon par mushtamil thi.

Jab ye kitab Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ke haath lagi to aap ne us ka mutale’a kia. Phir us ke mutalliq apni taraf se chand islahaat likh kar Juwayni Rahimahullah ki taraf bhejeen. Us ke muqaddame mein likha: “ Mera khayal hai ke Allah ta’ala mere aur logon ke darmiyan  aise shakhs ko le aaye hain jo Hadees e paak mein raghbat rakhta hai aur fuqaha ke haan bhi Maqbool hai.”

Ye alag baat haike us kitab mein Hadees ke hawale se kuchh ghaltiyān reh gayi hain, jin ki taraf tawajjo dilana zaruri tha. Is silsile mein Sheikh aur un ke ilmi martabe se haya karna durust nahi tha.”

Is se jahan hamein ye malum hua ke Juwayni Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ke ustad they wahin ye bhi malum hua ke Imam sahab Rahimahullah un logon mein se they jo kalma e Haq kehne mein Imam ke saamne bhi tawaqquf nahi farmate they.

Likha hai ke Allama Juwayni ne khanda peshani se us khat ko qubool farmaya aur us ke mutalliq farmaya: “Hazihi barakatul Ilm” ye Ilm ki barkat hai.

Aap Rahimahullah ki ilmi amanat daari:

 

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah Ilmi amanat daari se bhi muttasif they. Jo un ki kutub ke mutale’a karne wale  ko malum ho jati hai aur usey unhein pasand karne par ubhaarti hai.

Isi Ilmi amanat daari ka nateeja hai ki aap Rahimahullah adayegi e Hadees ki istilaahaat ko intehayi amanat daari ke saath istemal farmate , ya’ni jaise apne shuyookh se naql karte usi tarah aage riwayat farmate.

Aap Rahimahullah ne hi ijazat ke liye “amba’na” ki istilaah eejaad ki. Is ke bawajood aap “amba’ani” kehte waqt ijazat ki saraahat farma dete. Bohat kam “akhbarani ijazatun” kehte they.

Jab aap Rahimahullah koi hadees apne kayi shuyookh se naql farmate to sab ki saraahat farma dete, neez alfaaz jis ke hote us ki nishaandahi bhi kar dete. Maslan farmaya: Akhbarna Abu Abdullah al Hafiz (H) wa amba’ana Abu Bakr Al Khawaarzimi, lafz e hadees Al Khawaarzimi wa Hadees Abi Abdullah bi ma’naahu isi tarah jab koi riwayat ya kisi ka qaul naql farmate to us ki sanad zikr farma dete, agarche us ki misaalen guzar chuki hon.

Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ne amuman apni riwaayaat ko Sahihain ki taraf mansoob kia hai. Jab kisi hadees ko apne Sheikh se naql karke Sahihain ki taraf mansoob karte to us ki saraahat farma dete. Maslan farmaya: qaala Abu Abdullah…rawahul Bukhari fis Saheeh ‘an Aadam wa akhrajahu Muslim ‘an ibn ‘Adi ‘an Sha’bah.

Isi tarah jab apne Sheikh se koi aisa lafz paate hain jis ki kisi ne mukhalefat ki hoti to apni ilmi amaanat daari ka lihaaz rakhte hue us ki saraahat farma dete. Maslan farmaya: wa akhbarna…faqaala al Bayhaqi kaza fi kitabi ibn Yazeed wa qaala ghairuhu: Abdullah bin Yazeed

Isi tarah aap Rahimahullah us ikhtilaaf ki bhi saraahat farma dete jo un ki apne Sheikh se naql karda riwayat aur un ke alawa ki riwayat ke darmiyan hota. Kyunke malum nahi durust kya hai take wo ghalat ki pairvi se nikal jayen.

Isi Ilmi amanat daari ki wajah se Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah apne Imam, Imam Shafa’i ki mukhalefat mein bhi koi harj nahin samajhte they. Jab koi Hadees un ke haan Sahih sabit ho jati to use hi rajah qaraar dete. Kyunke Imam Shafa’i Rahimahullah ne khud farmaya hai: jo Hadees Sahih ho wo mera mazhab hai.

Abu Usman mardeni (mutawaffi 750 Hijri) ne aap Rahimahullah ki ilmi amanat daari mein shak kia hai. Ba’z jagah aap Rahimahullah ki taraf ye baat mansoob ki hai ke aap apne nafa’ ki khatir ba’z rawiyon ko siqqah qaraar dete hain aur nafa’ na ho to ba’z ko zaeef qaraar de dete hain.

Un jagahon mein se ek ye hai ke unhone Hammad bin abi Suleman ke bare mein farmaya: “Mansur us se zyada yaad rakhne wala aur ba-aitemad hai.”

Isse malum hua ke fi nafsihi wo Hafiz bhi hai aur siqqah bhi. Phir aage chal kar aap Rahimahullah ne baab “Alzina la yuharrim al halal” mein use zaeef qaraar de dia.

As’l baat ye hai ke Imam Bayhaqi Rahimahullah ne qunoot ke baare mein Hammad bin Abi Suleman ki riwayat ko qubool kia hai; is liye ke wo umr se zyada mash’hoor hai. Shayad isi shohrat ki wajah se Imam sahab Rahimahullah ne Hammad ke soo e Hifz ya soo e zabt ki ‘saraahat nahin ki aur na hi Hafiz ya siqqa hone ko bayan kia, balke farmaya: Mansur us se zyada Hafiz aur ba aitemad hai. Ye Imam sahab Rahimahullah ki jarrah o ta’deel mein adam e s’araahat hai.

REFERENCE:

Book: “Sunan Al Kubra Bayhaqi”

Tarjamah: ‘Hafiz Sana Ullah’