Tafsir ul Fatiha [1: 1]
Surah Fatiha: 01
Aayat: 01
بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ
Allah kay naam say [Shuroo] jo nihaayat meherbaan, bahut rahem karne wala hai
Tafseer Aayat No: 1
﴾ بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ ﴿
بسملة Surah-e-Fatihah ki pehli aayat hai
Hazraat Sahaba-e-Kiraam (Radhi Allahu Anhum) ne Kitaabullah ka aaghaz
﴾بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ ﴿ hi say kiya tha.
Ulama ka ittefaaq hai keh yeh Surah Namal ki aik aayat ka to kuch hissa hai, albatta is baat mein ikhtelaaf hai keh kiya yeh har surat key shuroo mein alaihadah taur par aik mustaqil aayat hai? ya yeh har us surat ki pehli aayat hai jis key shuroo mein likhi gayi hai? Ya yeh har surat ki [Pehli] aayat ka kuch hissa hai?
Jin logon ka yeh khayal hai keh yeh Surat Baraa’at key siwa har surat ki aik mustaqil aayat hai, un mein say Ibn-e-Abbaas, Ibn-e-Umar, Ibn-e-Zubair, Abu Hurairah, Ali (Radhi Allahu Anhum) aur taabi’een mein say Ataa, Ta’oos, Sa’eed bin Jubair, Mak’hool aur Zohri (Rahimahumullah) key asma-e-gerami bataur-e-khaas qaabil-e-zikr hain.
Abdullah bin Mobarak, Shaafi’ee, Ahmad bin Hanbal aur aik rewaayat key motabiq, Is’haaq bin Rahawaih aur Abu Ubaid Qasim bin Sallaam (Rahimahumallah) ka bhi yahi qaul hai. Jabkeh Malik, Abu Haneefah (Rahimahumallah), aur un donon key as’haab ka qaul yeh hai keh yeh na Fatihah ki aayat hai aur na kisi aur Surat ki.
Dawud (Rahimahullah) ka yeh qaul hai keh yeh har Surat kay aaghaz mein aik mustaqil aayat hai, Surat ki aayat nahin hai, Imaam Ahmad bin Hanbal say bhi aik rewaayat yahi hai. 1
Dekhiye :
Tafseer-ur-Raazi : 1/196-203
♦ Jahri Namaz Mein Us Ki Jahri-o-Sirri Qiraa’at:
Jin logon ki raaye mein yeh Surah Fatihah ki aayat nahin hai, un ka yeh qaul hai keh usey namaz mein jahri taur par na parha jaye, issi tarah un logon ka bhi yahi qaul hai jin key nazdeek yeh har Surat [Ka hissa nahin balkeh us] key shuroo mein aik mustaqil aayat hai. Aur jin logon ka yeh qaul hai keh yeh suraton ki pehli aayat hai un ka is mas’ale mein ikhtelaaf hai.
Imaam Shaafi’ee (Rahimahullah) ka mazhab yeh hai keh Fatihah aur dusri Surat keh saath us ki Qiraa’at jahri ki jaye. Bahut say Sahabah-o-Tabi’een aur Salaf-o-khalaf Aimmah-e-Muslimeen ka yahi mazhab hai. Sahaba mein say Abu Hurairah, Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas aur Mo’aawiyah (Radhi Allahu Anhum) ney us ki jahri Qiraa’at ki hai. Ibn-e-Abdul Barr aur Baihaqi ney Hazrat Umar aur Hazrat Ali (Radhi Allahu Anhuma) key baare mein bayan kiya hai keh aap jahri Qiraa’at kiya karte they. 1
Khateeb nay chaaron Khulafaa-e-raashideen, Hazrat Abu Bakar-o-Umar-o-Usman-o-Ali key baare mein yahi bayan kiya hai, magar yeh rewaayat ghareeb hai.
Taabi’een mein say Sa’eed bin Jubair, Ikrimah, Abu Qilaaba, Zohri, Ali bin Hasan, un key saahib zade Mohammad, Sa’eed bin Musayyib, Ataa, Ta’oos, Mujahid, Saalim, Mohammad bin Ka’ab Qurazi, Abu Bakar bin Mohammad bin Amar bin Hazam, Abu Waail, Ibn-e-Seereen, Mohammad bin Munkadir, Ali bin Abdullah bin Abbas, un key bete Mohammad, Naafay Maula Ibn-e-Umar, Zaid bin Aslam, Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Azraq bin Qais, Habeeb bin Abu Saabit, Abu Sha’asaa, Mak’hool aur Abdullah bin Ma’aqil bin Moqarrin ka bhi yahi mazhab hai. Imaam Baihaqi ney is fahrist mein Abdullah bin Safwaan aur Mohammad bin Hanafiyah aur Ibn-e-Abdul Barr ney Amar bin Denaar key naam bhi shumar kiye hain.
Isko Jahr karne ki Daleel ye hai keh ye Surah Al Fatiha ka Juzz hai lehaza Hasan, un key saahib zade Mohammad, Sa’eed bin Musayyib, Ataa, Ta’oos, Mujahid, Saalim, Mohammad bin Ka’ab Qurazi, Abu Bakar bin Mohammad bin Amar bin Hazam, Abu Waail, Ibn-e-Seereen, Mohammad bin Munkadir, Ali bin Abdullah bin Abbas, un key bete Mohammad, Naafay Maula Ibn-e-Umar, Zaid bin Aslam, Umar bin Abdul Aziz, Azraq bin Qais, Habeeb bin Abu Saabit, Abu Sha’asaa, Mak’hool aur Abdullah bin Ma’aqil bin Moqarrin ka bhi yahi mazhab hai. Imaam Baihaqi ney is fahrist mein Abdullah bin Safwaan aur Mohammad bin Hanafiyah aur Ibn-e-Abdul Barr ney Amar bin Denaar key naam bhi shumar kiye hain.
As-Sunan-ul-Kubra Lil-Baihaqui, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab iftetaah-ul-Qiraa’at Bismillahir-Rahmaanir-Raheem: 2/46
Aur Dekhiye: Sunan Daar Qutani : 1/301-311
Al-Istizkaar, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab-ul-amal fil-Qiraa’at: 4/164, Hadees: 4567-4598
Fat’h-ul-Malik bitabweeb-at-tamheed, Li-Ibn-e-Abdul Barr, Kitab-us-Salah, Baab-ul-Qiraa’at khalf-al-imaam…….:2/111
jis tarha baqi Surah Al Fatiha ki Jahri qiraat ki jaati hai uski bhi jahri Qiraa’at ki jaye gi, neez Sunan Nisaai, Sahih Ibn-e-Khuzaimah, Sahih Ibn-e-Hibbaan aur Mustadrak-e-Haakim mein rewaayat hai keh Hazrat Abu Hurairah (Radhi Allahu Anhu) ney namaz parhayi to aap ney بَسْمَلَۃُ ki Qiraa’at jahri ki. Aur namaz say farigh ho kar farmaya keh tum sab ki nisbat meri namaz Rasoolullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) ki namaz say ziyadah moshaabihat rakhti hai. Is hadees ko Daar Qutani, Khateeb, Baihaqi aur kayi deegar mohaddiseen (Rahimahumullah) ney sahih qaraar diya hai.
Sahih Bukhari mein Anas bin Malik (Radhi Allahu Anhu) say rewaayat hai keh un say Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) ki Qiraa’at key baare mein pucha gaya to unhon ney farmaya keh aap (ﷺ) alfaz ko kheench kar Qiraa’at farmaya karte the. Phir unhon ney بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ
Ki is tarah Qiraa’at kar key dikhayi keh بِسْمِ اللَّهِ
Ko kheench kar, phir الرَّحْمٰنِ Ko kheench kar aur phir الرَّحِیْمِ
Ko kheench kar parha.
Musnad Imaam Ahmad, Sunan Abu Dawood, Sahih Ibn-e-Khuzaimah aur Mustadrak Hakim mein Umm-e-Salamah (Radhi Allahu Anha) say rewaayat hai keh Rasoolullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) aayaat ko alag alag kar key Qiraa’at farmaya karte the. [Aur woh is tarah keh]
1. Sunan Nisaai, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab, Qiraa’at
[⠀ بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ], Hadees: 906
Ibn-e-Khuzaimah, Kitab-us-Salah, Baab Zikr-ud-daleel alaa anna-al-jahra bi-bismillah…: 1/251, Hadees:499
Sahih Ibn-e-Hibbaan, Kitab-us-Salah, Baab zikro ma yastahibbo lil-mar’ie al-jahro…: 5/104,105, Hadees: 1801
Mustadrak Lil-Haakim, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab-ut-taameen:1/232, Hadees: 849, Mutawwalan.
2. Sunan Daar Qutani, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab wujoob Qiraa’at [Bismillaahir-Rahmaanir-Raheem] ……:1/304,305, Hadees: 1155
Sunan-ul-Kubra Lil-Baihaqui, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab iftetaah-ul-Qiraa’at fis-salaah……:2/46
3. Sahih-ul-Bukhari Kitab: Fazaa’il-ul-Qur’an , Baab: Madd-ul-Qiraa’at, Hadees: 5046
بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ
اَلْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ رَبِّ الْعٰلَمِیْنَ
الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ
مٰلِكِ یَوْمِ الدِّیْنِ
Imam Daraqutni (Rahimahullah) kehte hai ke is hadees ki sanad sahih hai. 1
Imaam Abu Abdullah Shaafi’ee ney aur Imaam Hakim (Rahimahumallah) ney apni Mustadrak mein Anas (Radhi Allahu Anhu) se rewaayat kiya hai keh Mo’aawiyah (Radhi Allahu Anhu) ney Madinah mein namaz parhayi to [Surah Fatihah key shuroo mein بَسْمَلَةُ parhi magar us key ba’ad wali Surat key shuroo mein] بَسْمَلَةُ ko tarak kar diya….., us waqat maujood Ansaar-o-Mohajireen ney is par aiteraaz kiya to Unhon ney jab phir namaz parhayi to بَسْمَلَةُ ki bhi Qiraa’at ki. 2
Yeh ahadees-o-aasaar jin ko ham ney zikr kiya hai, is qaul [بَسْمَلَةُ ki jahri Qiraa’at] Ki taa’eed-o-himayat key dalaail hain jo kaafi bhi hain aur qaabil-e-tasleem bhi. Aur jahan tak us key mokhalif dalaail, ghareeb rewaayaat aur un ki asaneed ki ta’aleel, taz’eef aur tanqeed ka ta’alluq hai to us ka yeh moqaam nahin.
Kuch logon ka khayal yeh hai keh namaz mein بَسْمَلَةُ ki Qiraa’at jahri na ki jaye. Khulafaa-e-Arba’ah aur Abdullah bin Moghaffal (Radhi Allahu Anhum) aur taabi’een mein say bahut say hazraat aur bahut say ba’ad key logon say bhi yehi saabit hai. Imaam Abu Haneefah, Sauri aur Ahmad bin Hanbal (Rahimahumullah) ka bhi yahi mazhab hai.
1. Musnad Ahmad : 6/302
Sunan Abi Dawud, Al-Huroof wal-Qiraa’at, Baab no: 1 Hadith no: 4001
Sahih Ibn-e-Khuzaimah, Kitab-us-Salah, Baab Zikr-ud-daleel alaa anna Bismillah…: 1/248, Hadees: 493
Mustadrak Lil-Haakim, Kitab-ut-Tafsir, Baab Qira’at-un-Nabi mimma lam yukhrijaahu…:1/231, Hadees: 2909, 2910
Sunan Daar Qutani, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab wujoob Qiraa’at [Bismillaahir-Rahmaanir-Raheem]…..:1/306, Hadees: 1162
2. Al-Umm, Lish-Shafi’ee, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab-ul-Qiraa’at ba’ad-at-ta’awwuz: 1/307, 308, Hadees: 174
Mustadrak Lil-Haakim, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab-ut-taameen: 1/233, Hadees: 851
Imaam Malik (Rahimahullah) ka mazhab yeh hai keh بَسْمَلَةُ ko sirri ya jahri taur par bilkul na parha jaye. 1
Inki daleel Sahih Muslim mein Hazrat Ayeshah (Radhi Allahu Anha) ki woh rewaayat hai jis mein hai keh Rasoolullah (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) namaz ko الله اكبر say aur Qiraa’at ko ﴾{2}اَلْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ رَبِّ الْعٰلَمِیْنَ﴿ say shuroo farmate they. 2
Neez Sahihain mein Hazrat Anas bin Malik (Radhi Allahu Anhu) say rewaayat hai keh main ney Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam), Abu Bakar, Umar, aur Usman (Radhi Allahu Anhum) key piche namaz parhi hai, yeh tamaam hazraat ﴾{2}اَلْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ رَبِّ الْعٰلَمِیْنَ﴿ se Qiraa’at shuroo farmaya karte they. 3
Muslim ki rewaayat mein yeh alfaaz bhi hain keh woh Qiraa’at key awwal ya aakhir mein ﴾{1}بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ﴿ Nahin parha karte they.4
Sunan mei Abdullah bin Moghaffal say bhi issi tarah rewaayat hai. 5
1. Fat’h-ul-Malik bitabweeb-at-tamheed, Kitab-us-Salah, Baab-ul-Qira’at khalf-al-imaam….., 2/113
2. Iqtebaas az Sahih Muslim, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab maa yajmau sifat-us-Salaah wamaa yuftatahu bihi….., Hadees: 498
Sunan Abi Dawud , Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab man lam yara-al-jahra bi-bismillah…., Hadees: 783.
3. Sahih-ul-Bukhari, Kitab-ul-Azan, Baab maa yaqoolu ba’ad-at-takbeer, Hadees: 743
Sahih Muslim, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab hujjatu man qaal laa yujharu bil-basmalah, Hadees: 399 wal-lafz lahu.
Hafiz Ibn-e-Hajar ney Buloogh-ul-maraam mein likha hai keh Musnad Ahmad [3/179], Sunan Nisaai [Al-Iftetaah, Baab tark-ul-jahar بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ , Hadees: 908] aur Sahih Ibn-e-Khuzaimah [1/250, Hadees: 496-497] ki rewaayat mein alfaaz yeh hain keh yeh Hazraat
[ بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحیْمِ] ko jahri taur par nahin parha karte they.
Sahih Ibn-e-Khuzaimah [1/250, Hadees: 498] ki aik aur rewaayat mein hai keh woh Bismillah ko sirri taur par parha karte they, Lehaaza Sahih Muslim ki rewaayat mein jo nafi hai usey ussi par mahmool kiya jaye ga. (Buloogh-ul-maraam, Kitab-us-Salaah, Baab sifat-us-Salaah , Qabl-al-Hadees : 278)
4. Sahih Muslim Kitab-us-Salah, Baab hujjatu man qaala la yujharu bil-basmalah, Hadees: [52]-399
5. Jaami-ut-Tirmizi Kitab-us-S alaah, Baab maa jaa fi tark-il-jahr [بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ],
Hadees: 244
Sunan Nisaai, Al-Iftetaah, Baab tark-ul-jahar bi-bismillah….., Hadees:909
Sunan Ibn-e-Maajah, Iqaamat-e-salaat, Baab iftetaah-ul-Qiraa’at, Hadees: 815
Yeh hain is mas’ale mein Aimma-e-kiraam key dalaa’il, Aur yeh aik dusre key qareeb hi hain, kiyun keh in ka is baat par ijmaa hai keh bahr-e-surat namaz durust hogi, khawah بَسْمَلَةُ ko jahri parha jaye ya sirri. وَلِلّٰهِ الْحَمْدُ وَالْمِنَّةُ
♦ “Bismillah” Ki Fazilat:
Imaam Ahmad bin Hanbal (Rahimahullah) ney apni Musnad mein aik sahabi say rewaayat bayan ki hai jo Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) key saath gadhe par aap key piche sawaar they, kehte hain keh gadha zara phisla to main ney kaha keh shaitan ka bura ho to Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) ney mujh say farmaya:
لَا تَقُلْ: تَعِسَ الشَّيْطَانُ، فَإِنَّكَ إِذَا قُلْتَ: تَعِسَ الشَّيْطَانُ، تَعَاظَمَ الشَّيْطَانُ فِىْ نَفْسِهِ وَقَالَ: صَرْعَتُهُ بِقُوَّتِىْ، فَإِذَا قُلْتَ: بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ، تَصَاغَرَتْ إِلَيْهِ نَفْسُهُ حَتَّى يَكُوْنَ أَصْغَرَ مِنْ ذُبَابٍ
“Yeh na kaho keh shaitan ka bura ho, kiyun keh is say Shaitan phool jata hai aur yeh kehta hai keh main ney apni quwwat key saath usey giraya hai. aur agar tum Bismillaah kaho to us sey shaitan apne aap ko chota samajhta hai yahan tak keh makkhi say bhi chota aur haqeer.” 1
Imaam Nisaai ney apni kitaab “عَمَلُ الْيَوْمِ وَاللَّيْلَةِ” mein aur Ibn-e-Mardawiyah ney apni tafseer mein Usama bin Umair (Radhi Allahu Anhum) say rewaayat kiya hai keh main Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) key saath oont par aap key piche sawaar tha, hamara oont zara phisla, to main ney kaha: Shaitan ka bura ho.
Tab aap (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) ney farmaya:
لَا تَقُلْ: تَعِسَ الشَّيْطَانُ فَإِنَّكَ يُعْظِمُ حَتَّى يَصِيْرَ مِثْلَ الْبَيْتِ، وَيَقُوْلُ: بِقُوَّتِىْ، وَلٰكِنْ قُلْ: بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ، فَإِنَّهُ يُصْغِرُ حَتَّى يَصِيْرَ مِثْلَ الُّذبَابِ
1. Musnad-e-Ahmad : 5/59
“Yeh na kaho keh shaitan ka bura ho, kiyun keh isse shaitan phool kar makaan ki tarah ho jata hai. Aur kehta hai keh maine apni quwwat say [yeh kiya hai] lekin tum بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ kaho, kiyun keh isse shaitan chota ho kar makkhi ki tarah ho jata hai.” 1
Yeh Bismillah ki barkat ki wajah say hai.
♦ Har Kaam Key Shuroo Mein “بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ” Parhna Mustahab Hai:
Har amal aur qaul key shuroo mein بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ parhna mustahab hai. Khutbah key shuroo mein bhi mustahab hai.
Bait-ul-Khalaa mein dakhle key waqat بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ parhna mustahab hai, kiyun keh Hadees say yeh saabit hai. 2
Wuzoo key shuroo mein bhi بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ parhna mustahab hai kiyun keh Musnad Ahmad aur Sunan mein Hazrat Abu Hurairah, Sa’eed bin Zaid aur Abu Sa’eed (Radhi Allahu Anhum) say marfoo’an rewaayat hai:
وَلَا وُضُوْءَ لِمَنْ لَّمْ یَذْکُرِاسْمَ اللّٰهِ عَلَيْهِ
“Aur jo shakhs wuzoo [Shuroo] karte huwe Allah ka naam na ley to us ka wuzoo nahin hota.” 3
Yeh Hadees Hasan hai.
1. As-Sunan-ul-Kubra Lin-Nasaai, Kitab: Amal-ul-Yaumi Wal-Lailati, Baab maa yaqoolu izaa usirat bihi daabbatuhu: 6/142, Hadees: 10389Sunan Abi Dawood , Kitab-ul-adab, Baab no :77, Hadees: 4982
2. Jaami-ut-Tirmizi , Kitab-ul-Jum’ah, Baab maa zukira minat-tasmiyyati inda dukhoolilkhalaa, Hadees: 606
Sunan Ibn-e-Maajah, Kitab-ut-Tahaarah wa sunanuha, Baab ma yaqool-ur-rajul izaa dakhalal-khalaa, Hadees: 297, An Ali
3. Musnad Ahmad : 2/418 An Abi Hurairah, wa 3/41 An Abi Sa’eed Khudri, wa 4/70 An Sa’eed bin Zaid
Sunan Abi Dawood , Kitab-ut-Tahaarah, Baab fit-tasmiyyati alal-wuzoo, Hadees: 101
Jaami-ut-Tirmizi , Kitab-ut-Tijaaraah, Baab maa jaa fit-tasmiyyati indal wuzoo, Hadees: 25
Sunan Nisaai, Kitab-ut-Tahaarah, Baab-ut-tasmiyyati indal wuzoo, Hadees: 78, An Anas
Sunan Ibn-e-Maajah , Kitab-ut-Tahaarah wa sunanuha, Baab maa jaa fit-tasmiyyati fil-wuzoo, Hadees: 397-400 An Sahal bin Sa’ad
khaate waqat bhi بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ parhna mustahab hai kiyun keh Sahih Muslim mein Hadees hai keh Rasoolullah (ﷺ) ney Umar bin Abu Salamah, jo Hazrat Umm-e-Salamah (Radhi Allahu Anha), ke pehle khawind se they aur aap (ﷺ) key ghar mein parwarish paa rahe they, say farmaya:
يَا غُلَامُ! سَمِّ اللّٰهَ وَكُلْ بِيَمِيْنِكَ، وَكُلْ مِمَّا يَلِيْكَ
“Aye larke! بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ kaho, apne daayen haath say khaao aur apne saamne say khaao.” 1
Ba’az Ulama ney khaane key waqat بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ parhne ko wajib qaraar diya hai. Issi tarah biwi say mo’baashirat key waqat bhi بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ Parhna mustahab hai, kiyun keh sahihain mein Ibn-e-Abbaas (Radhi Allahu Anhuma) say rewaayat hai keh Rasoolullah (ﷺ) ney farmaya:
لَوْ أَنَّ أَحَدَهُمْ إِذَا أَرَادَ أَنْ يَأْتِيَ أَهْلَهُ قَالَ : بِاسْمِ اللَّهِ، اللَّهُمَّ جَنِّبْنَا الشَّيْطَانَ، وَجَنِّبِ الشَّيْطَانَ مَا رَزَقْتَنَا، فَإِنَّهُ إِنْ يُقَدَّرْ بَيْنَهُمَا وَلَدٌ فِي ذَلِكَ، لَمْ يَضُرَّهُ شَيْطَانٌ أَبَدًا
“Jab un mein say koi apni biwi say hambistari key waqat yeh dua parh lay: Allah key nam say, Aye Allah! to ham [Donon] ko shaitan say bacha aur jo aulad tu hamein ataa farmaye usey bhi shaitan say bacha, Lehaaza agar us hambistari say hamal qaraar paa jaye to us paida hone wale bacche ko shaitan kabhi bhi nuqsaan na pahuncha sake ga.” 2
♦ “بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ” Ki “Baa” Ka Ta’alluq Ism Say Hai Ya Fe’al Say ?
Darj-e-zail tafseel say yeh baat waazeh ho jaati hai keh “بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ” ki “Baa” key baare mein nahwiyon key jo yeh do (2) qaul hain jin mein say aik key motabiq is ka ta’alluq ism say hai aur dusre key motabiq fe’al say, to yeh donon qaul qareeb qareeb hain. Aur in mein say har qaul ka suboot Qur’an Majeed say milta hai. Jo log is ka ta’alluq ism say batlate hain woh kehte hain keh asal mein jumla yeh tha: بسم الله ابتدائي “Allah key nam say meri ibtedaa hai.” Aur is ki daleel yeh irshad bari ta’aala hai:
1. Sahihul Bukhari, Kitab-ul-at’amah, Baab-ut-tasmiyyati alat-ta’aam….., Hadees: 5376
Sahih Muslim, Kitab-ul-ashribah, Baab aadaab-ut-ta’aam wash-sharaab….., Hadees: 2022
Tafseer mein yeh alfaaz they: [قُلْ: بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ] Lekin yeh alfaaz Sahih Bukhari-o-Muslim mein nahi hai, jabke Al-Mo’ajam-ul-Kabir Lit-Tabraani:9/28 mein [إِذَا أَكَلْتَ فَقُلْ: بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ] Key alfaaz hain.
2. Sahihul Bukhari Kitab-ud-da’awaat, Baab maa yaqoolu izaa ataa ahlahu, Hadees: 6388
Sahih Muslim Kitab-un-Nikah, Baab maa yastahibbo an yaqoolahu indal jimaa, Hadees: 1434
Majeed say milta hai. Jo log is ka ta’alluq ism say batlate hain woh kehte hain keh asal mein jumla yeh tha:
بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ اِبْتِدَائِیْ
“Allah key nam say meri ibtedaa hai.” Aur is ki daleel yeh irshad bari ta’aala hai:
﴾ بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ مَؔجْرٖىهَا وَمُرْسٰىهَا ؕ اِنَّ رَبِّیْ لَغَفُوْرٌ رَّحِیْمٌ ﴿
“Allah key naam say hai is [Safeena-e-Nooh] ka chalna aur theherna, beshak mera Rab bahut bakhsne wala [Aur] intehaayi meherban hai.” Hood 11:41
Aur jo hazraat fe’al ko, khawah woh amar ho ya khabar, us ka moqaddar batate hain, masalan:
اَبْدَاُ بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ
“Allah key naam say shuroo karo.”
Ya
اِبْتَدَاْتُ بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ
“Main ney Allah key naam say shuroo kiya.”
Un ki daleel yeh irshad bari ta’aala hai:
﴾ اِقْرَاْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِیْ خَلَقَ ﴿
“Apne Rab key naam say parhiye jis ney paida kiya hai.” Al-Alaq 96:1
Bahre haal yeh donon qaul hi sahih hain, kiyun keh har fe’al ka koi na koi masdar bhi zaroor hota hai, Lehaaza aap fe’al ko bhi moqaddar qaraar de sakte hain aur is key masdar ko bhi. Masdar issi fe’al ka hoga jis ka aap ney pehle naam liya hoga, lehaaza khara hona ho ya baithna, khaana ho ya peena ya Qiraa’at karna, wuzoo karna ya namaz parhna in sab kaamon key shuroo mein khair-o-barkat hasil karne key liye, un ki takmeel ki madad chahne key liye aur un ki qubooliyat key liye, hukm-e-shari’at yeh hai keh Allah Ta’aala ka naam liya jaye. Wallahu Aalam.
♦ Lafz-e-Jalalat “Allah” Key Ma’aani:
“Allah” Rab tabaarak wa ta’aala ka zaati alam hai. bayan kiya jata hai keh yahi “ism-e-aazam” hai, is liye keh tamaam acchi sifaat key saath usi ism-e-paak ko mausoof qaraar diya jata hai, Jaisa keh irshad bari ta’aala hai:
هُوَ اللّٰهُ الَّذِیْ لَاۤ اِلٰهَ اِلَّا هُوَ ۚ عٰلِمُ الْغَیْبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ ۚ هُوَ الرَّحْمٰنُ الرَّحِیْمُ
هُوَ اللّٰهُ الَّذِیْ لَاۤ اِلٰهَ اِلَّا هُوَ ۚ اَلْمَلِكُ الْقُدُّوْسُ السَّلٰمُ الْمُؤْمِنُ الْمُهَیْمِنُ الْعَزِیْزُ الْجَبَّارُ الْمُتَكَبِّرُ ؕ سُبْحٰنَ اللّٰهِ عَمَّا یُشْرِكُوْنَ
هُوَ اللّٰهُ الْخَالِقُ الْبَارِئُ الْمُصَوِّرُ لَهُ الْاَسْمَآءُ الْحُسْنٰی ؕ یُسَبِّحُ لَهٗ مَا فِی السَّمٰوٰتِ وَالْاَرْضِ ۚ وَهُوَ الْعَزِیْزُ الْحَكِیْمُ
“Wahi Allah hai jis key siwa koi ma’abood nahin, woh poshida aur zahir ka jaan’ne wala hai, woh bara meherbaan nihayat rehem wala hai.
wahi Allah hai jis key siwa koi ibaa’dat key laaiq nahin. woh badshah hai, nihayat paak [Har aib say], salaamati wala, aman dene wala, nighebaan, ghaalib, zabardast, baraayi wala, Allah un logon key shareek moqarrar karne say paak hai.
Wahi Allah [Tamam makhlooqaat ka] khaliq, eijaad-o-ikhteraa karne wala, sooratein banane wala, us key sab acche say acche naam hain. Jitni cheezein aasmaanon aur zameen mein hain sab us ki tasbeeh karti hain aur woh ghaalib hai, khoob hikmat wala hai.” Hashr 59:22-24
In aayaat mein baaqi tamaam asmaa ko Allah Ta’aala ki sifaat key taur par bayan kiya gaya hai. Jaisa keh irshad bari ta’aala hai:
﴾ وَلِلّٰهِ الْاَسْمَآءُ الْحُسْنٰی فَادْعُوْهُ بِهَا ۪﴿
“Aur Allah key liye to sab acche say acche naam hain, to us ko us key naamon say pukaaro.” Al-Aaraf 7:180
Aur farmaya:
﴾ قُلِ ادْعُوا اللّٰهَ اَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمٰنَ ؕ اَیًّا مَّا تَدْعُوْا فَلَهُ الْاَسْمَآءُ الْحُسْنٰی ۚ﴿
B “Keh dijiye keh tum [Allah] ko “Allah” [Key naam say] pukaro Ya “Rahman” [Key naam say], jis naam say pukaro, us key sab naam acche say acche hain.” ani Israeel 17:110
Sahih Bukhari-o-Muslim mein Hazrat Abu Hurairah (Radhi Allahu Anhu) say rewaayat hai keh Rasoolullah (ﷺ) ney farmaya:
إِنَّ لِلّٰهِ تِسْعَةً وَتِسْعِيْنَ اِسْمًا، مِائَةٌ إِلَّا وَاحِدًا، مَنْ اَحْصَاهَا دَخَلَ الْجَنَّةَ
“Beshak Allah key ninaanawe, Ya’ani aik kam sau naam hain jo unhein yaad kar lay ga woh Jannat mein dakhil hoga.” 1
1. Sahihul Bukhari, Kitab-ut-Tauheed, Baab: Inna lillaahi me’ata ismin illa wahidatan, Hadees:7392
Sahih Muslim, Kitab-uz-zikr wad-dua….., Baab fee asmaa-illaahi ta’ala….., Hadees: [5,6]-2677
Tirmizi aur Ibn-e-Maajah ki rewaayat mein un naamon ki tafseel bhi aayi hai. 1
In donon kitaabon ki rewaayaton mein bayan kiye gaye asma-e-hasana mein kuch kami ziyadati bhi hai.
♦ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ Ki tafseer:
الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ
“Bara Meherbaan nihayat rehem wala.”
“Yeh donon naam “Rahmat” say mushtaq hain. Aur donon mobaalighe key seeghe hain. Rahman mein Raheem ki nisbat ziyadah mobaaligha hai. Ibn Jareer (Rahimahullah) key kalaam say to ma’aloom hota hai keh is par tamam mofassireen ka ittefaaq hai. 2
Qurtabi (Rahimahullah) kehte hain [Keh Ibn-e-Hassar ney kaha hai:] is ism key mushtaq hone ki daleel woh hadees hai jise Imaam Tirmizi ney Abdur-Rahman bin Auf (Radhi Allahu Anhu) say rewaayat kiya aur usey sahih qaraar diya hai keh Rasoolullah (ﷺ) ney farmaya:
قَالَ اللّٰهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: أَنَا اللّٰهُ وَأَنَا الرَّحْمٰنُ ، خَلَقْتُ الرَّحِمَ، وَاشْتَقَقْتُ لَهَا [اِسْمًا] مِنْ اِسْمِيْ، فَمَنْ وَصَلَهَا وَصَلْتُهُ وَمَنْ قَطَعَهَا بَتَتُّهُ
“Allah tabarak wa ta’aala irshad farmata hai keh main Allah hun, main Rahman hun, main ney “Rehem” ko paida kiya aur apne naam say us [Key naam] ko mushtaq kiya hai jis ney usey milaya, main usey milaon ga aur jis ney usey tora main bhi usey tor dun ga.” 3
Yeh hadees waazeh daleel hai keh yeh ism-e-paak mushtaq hai. kuffar-e-arab ka ism-e-paak “Ar-Rahman” say inkaar karna, Allah Ta’aala key baare mein
1. Jaami-ut-Tirmizi , Kitab-ud-da’awaat , Baab Hadeesun fee asmaa-illaahil-husna…, Hadees: 3507
Sunan Ibn-e-Maajah, Ad-Dua, Baab fee asma-ilaahi Azza-wa-jalla, Hadees: 3861, lekin ye hadees za’eef hai.
2. Tafseer-ut-Tabri :1/84
3. Jaami-ut-Tirmizi, Kitab-ul-birri was-silah, Baab maa jaa fee qati’at-ir-rahim, Hadees: 1907
Sahih Ibn-e-Hibbaan, Kitab-ul-birri wal-ehsaan , Zikr-ul-bayan bi-anna qaulahu :[Ar-Rahimu shihnatun min-ar-Rahman….]: 2/186,187, Hadees: 443
Qurtabi (Rahimahullah) kehte hain keh yeh bhi bayan kiya gaya hai keh Rahman aur Raheem ka aik hi ma’ana hai, Jis tarah Nadmaan aur Nadeem ka aik hi ma’ana hai. Yeh qaul Abu Ubaid ka hai. Aik Qaul yeh bhi hai keh Fa’alaan (فَعْلَانٌ) ka seegha Fa’eel (فَعِيْلٌ) ki tarah nahin hai, kiyun keh Fa’alaan (فَعْلَانٌ) key seeghe mein mobaaligha zaroor hota hai jaise “Rajulun Ghazbanun” (رَجُلٌ غَضْبَانٌ) us shakhs ko kehte hain jo shadeed ghusse mein ho, magar Fa’eel (فَعِيْلٌ) ka seegha Faail (فَاعِلٌ) ya Maf’ool (مَفْعُوْلٌ) key ma’aani mein bhi aata hai [Aur is soorat mei isme mobaaligha nahin hota.]
Abu Ali Faarisi kehte hain: Keh Rahman aam ism hai jo Rahmat ki tamaam qismon ko shamil hai. Aur yeh sirf Allah Ta’aala key liye khas hai, aur رَحِيْمُ
sirf mominoon ki munasibat say hai.
Irshad bari ta’aala hai:
﴾ وَكَانَ بِالْمُؤْمِنِیْنَ رَحِیْمًا ﴿
“Aur Allah Mominoon par meherban hai.” (Al-Ahzaab 33:43 ) 2
Ibn-e-Abbas (Radhi Allahu Anhuma) farmate hain: Ke yeh donon naam Rahmat-o-Rehem waale hai aur aik mei dusre se ziyadah Rahmat aur Rehem hai. 3
Ibn-e-Jareer ne apni sanad ke saath bayan kiya hai keh Arzmi kehte hai ke Ar-Rahman ke ma’aani hai: “Tamam makhluqaat par rehem farmane wala,” Aur Ar-Raheem ke ma’aani hai: “Mominon par rehem farmane wala.” 4
Mofassireen bayan karte hain keh issi liye us ney farmaya hai:
﴾ ثُمَّ اسْتَوٰی عَلَی الْعَرْشِ ۛۚ اَلرَّحْمٰنُ ﴿
“Phir woh arsh par Mustawi huwa [Wohi] Rahman hai.” Al-Furqaan 25:59
1. Tafseer-ul-Qurtabi :1/104
2. Tafseer-ul-Qurtabi :1/106
3. Tafseer-ul-Qurtabi :1/106
4. Tafseer-ut-Tabri :1/85
Aur farmaya:
﴾ اَلرَّحْمٰنُ عَلَی الْعَرْشِ اسْتَوٰی ﴿
“Woh Rahman hai, arsh par mustawi hai.” Taha 20:5
In aayaat mein “استواء” “mustawi hone” ka zikr ism-e-paak Ar-Rahman key saath farmaya, taakeh yeh naam tamaam makhlooqaat ko apni Rahmat mein shamil kar sake. Aur mominon key liye farmaya:
﴾ وَكَانَ بِالْمُؤْمِنِیْنَ رَحِیْمًا ﴿
“Aur Allah mominon par bohat rahmat karne wala hai.” Al-Ahzaab 33:43
Ya’ani mominon key zikr key hawale say bataur-e-khaas ism-e-paak Raheem ko zikr farmaya hai.
Is say ma’aloom huwa keh Ar-Rahman mein Ar-Raheem ki nisbat ziyadah mobaaligha hai kiyun keh is mein donon jahaanon aur tamaam makhlooqaat key liye umoom hai, jabkeh Ar-Raheem mominon key saath khaas hai, Lekin aik Hadees mein mazkoor aik Dua mein yeh alfaaz bhi aaye hain:
[رَحْمٰنُ الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ وَرَحِيْمَهُمَا]
“Aye duniya-o-aakhirat key Rahman-o-Raheem!” 1
Allah Ta’aala ka ism-e-paak Rahman bhi Allah Ta’aala hi key saath makhsoos hai. Is key siwa kisi aur ko us naam key saath mausoom nahin kiya ja sakta. Jaisa keh irshad bari ta’aala hai:
﴾ قُلِ ادۡعُوا اللّٰهَ اَوِ ادۡعُوا الرَّحۡمٰنَ ؕ اَ يًّا مَّا تَدۡعُوۡا فَلَهُ الۡاَسۡمَآءُ الۡحُسۡنٰى ﴿
“Keh dijiye keh tum [Allah] ko “Allah” [Key naam say] pukaro Ya “Rahman” [Key naam say], jis naam say pukaro, us key sab naam acche say acche hain.” Bani Israeel 17:110
1. Iqtebaas: az Al-Mustadrak Lil-Hakim, Ad-Dua wat-Takbeer: 1/515, Hadees: 1898, An Ayeshah
Al-Mojam-ul-Kabeer Lit-Tabraani :20/155, An Mu’aaz . Magar yeh rewaayaat za’eef hai
Aur dekhiye : As-Silsila-uz-Za’eefah : 5287, An Anas
Aur farmaya:
﴾ وَسْـَٔلْ مَنْ اَرْسَلْنَا مِنْ قَبْلِكَ مِنْ رُّسُلِنَاۤ اَجَعَلْنَا مِنْ دُوْنِ الرَّحْمٰنِ اٰلِهَةً یُّعْبَدُوْنَ ﴿
“Aur [Aye Paighambar] jo apne paighambar ham ney aap say pehle bheje hain un key ahwaal daryaft kar lein. kiya ham ney Rahman key siwa aur ma’abood banaye they keh un ki ibaa’dat ki jaye ?” Zukhruf: 43: 45
Musailimah kazzaab ney jab bahut barh charh kar da’awa kiya aur apna naam Rahman-ul-Yamamah rakh liya to Allah Ta’aala ney us ko libaas-e-kizib pahna kar us key sath usey mash’hoor kar diya keh usey “Musailimah kazzaab ” kaha jata hai. Aur har pakke ghar wale shahri aur kacche ghar wale dehati aur ganwaar key haan jhoot bolne mein zarb-ul-mithil ban chuka hai. 1
Issi bunyad par yahan sab say pehle ism-e-paak “Allah” zikr kiya gaya hai keh is naam mein us ka koi shareek nahin. Aur [Sifaat mein] sab say pehle us ki sifat Ar-Rahman bayan ki gayi hai. aur is naam say bhi Allah key siwa kisi aur ko mausoom karne say mana kar diya gaya hai, Jaisa keh irshad bari ta’aala hai:
﴾ قُلِ ادْعُوا اللّٰهَ اَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمٰنَ ؕ اَیًّا مَّا تَدْعُوْا فَلَهُ الْاَسْمَآءُ الْحُسْنٰی ۚ ﴿
“Keh dijiye keh tum [Allah] ko “Allah” [Key naam say] pukaro Ya “Rahman” [Key naam say], jis naam say pukaro, us key sab naam acche say acche hain.” Bani Israeel 17:110
Musailimah ney apne aap ko is naam say mausoom kiya to yeh us ki badtareen jur’at thi, us key gumrah sathiyon key siwa us ki is baat ko kisi aur ney qubool nahin kiya tha.
Raheem key sifat key sath Allah Ta’aala ney dusron ko bhi mausoof qaraar diya hai, masalan : irshad bari ta’aala hai:
1. At-Tabaqaat-ul-Kubra, Li-Ibn-e-Sa’ad:1/165
Ad-dirayah fee Takhreej Ahadees-ul-Hidayah : 1/156
Maraseel, Li-Abi Dawood: 34
﴾ لَقَدْ جَآءَكُمْ رَسُوْلٌ مِّنْ اَنْفُسِكُمْ عَزِیْزٌ عَلَیْهِ مَا عَنِتُّمْ حَرِیْصٌ عَلَیْكُمْ بِالْمُؤْمِنِیْنَ رَءُوْفٌ رَّحِیْمٌ ﴿
“[Logo!] Yaqeenan tumhare paas tumhi mein say aik paighambar aaye hain, tumhari takleef un par giraan guzarti hai. aur woh tumhari bhalai key bahut khawahish mand hain aur mominon par nihayat shafqat karne wale [Aur] meherban hain.” At-Tauba 9:128
Issi tarah us ney apne ba’az deegar asmaa key sath bhi dusron ko mausoof qaraar diya hai, masalan: irshad bari ta’aala hai:
اِنَّا خَلَقْنَا الْاِنْسَانَ مِنْ نُّطْفَةٍ اَمْشَاجٍ ۖۗ نَّبْتَلِیْهِ فَجَعَلْنٰهُ سَمِیْعًا بَصِیْرًا
“Beshak ham ney insan ko makhloot nutfe say paida kiya taakeh usey aazmayein to ham ney us ko sun’ne dekhne wala banaya.” Ad-Deher 76:2
Is aayat mein insan key liye bhi samee’ aur baseer key alfaz iste’imaal kiye gaye hain.
Hasil kalaam yeh keh Allah Ta’aala key kuch asma-e-gerami aisey hain jin say ghairullah ko bhi mausoom qaraar diya ja sakta hai aur kuch aisey hain jin key sath ghairullah ko mausoom qaraar nahin diya ja sakta kiyun keh woh usi ki zaat-e-gerami key liye makhsoos hain,
Masalan: Allah, Rahman, Khaaliq aur Raaziq waghairah. yahi wajah hai keh is moqaam par Allah Ta’aala ney pehle apne ism-e-paak “Allah” ka zikr kiya, phir us ki sifat “Rahman” bayan farmayi kiyun keh yeh “Raheem” ki nisbat ziyadah khaas aur ziyadah ma’aroof hai. aur Qaaidah yeh hai keh sab say pehle us naam ko zikr kiya jata hai jo afzal aur ashraf hota hai. yahi wajah hai keh yahan sab say pehle us naam say aaghaz kiya jo sab say ziyadah khaas tha, phir usey zikr kiya jo is say qadre kam khaas tha.
Hadees-e-Umm-e-Salamah (Radhi Allahu Anha) mein hai keh Rasoolullah (ﷺ) Qiraa’at farmate huwe har har aayat par waqaf farmate they jaisay :
﴾ بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ ﴿ [Parhte phir theher jate.]
﴾ اَلْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ رَبِّ الْعٰلَمِیْنَ ﴿
[Parhte phir theher jate.] 1
Issi wajah say Qurraa ki aik jama’at ney ﴾{1} بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیْمِ ﴿ aur
﴾{2}اَلْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ رَبِّ الْعٰلَمِیْنَ﴿ Ke darmiyan waqaf kar key parha hai, jabkeh aik jama’at ney ﴾{1}الرَّحِیْمِ﴿ ki meem ko ﴾الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ﴿ key laam key sath mila kar parha hai.
1. Musnad Ahmad : 6/302
Sunan Abi Dawud, Al-Huroof wal-Qiraa’at, Baab: 1, Hadees: 4001
Jaami-ut-Tirmizi, Al-Qera’at, Baab fee Fatihat-ul-kitab, Hadees: 2927
Tafseer mein yahan [يَقْطَعُ قِرَاءَتَهُ حَرْفًا حَرْفًا] hai, magar is siyaaq mein
[آيَةٌ آيَةٌ] ziyadah mauzon hai, Jaisa keh mazkura hawala jaat say wazeh hai. Aur [Harfan Harfan] ka siyaaq qadre mukhtalif hai
Sunan Abi Dawud : 1466
Jaami-ut-Tirmizi : 2923