04. Wiraasat kay Arkaan, Shuroot, Asbaab aur Mawaan’e
Wiraasat kay Arkaan, Shuroot, Asbaab aur Mawaan’e
❁ Dosray uloom ki tarhan Ilm-ul-Meeraas kay bhi Arkaan, Asbaab, Shuroot aur mawan’e-e-Al Irs hain. Jin ka bayaan darj zail hay..
✦ Arkaan-ul-Irs ✦
Meeraas kay teen arkaan hain, In mein say agar aik rukan bhi kam ho to meeraas ka wujood nahi hoga.
1: Al-Muwarris: Is say muraad Mayyat hai jis ki jaedaad ko waarison kay darmiyaan taqseem kiya jata hai.
2: Al-Waaris Yeh Mayyat ka woh rishtay daar hai jo Mayyat kay tarka ka haqdaar hota hai.
3: Al-Maoroos Is say muraad Mayyat ki jaedaad hai chahay woh naqdi ki soorat mein ho ya zara’i zameen ya makaan waghera waghera .
✦ Asbaab-ul-Irs ✦
✦ Asbaab-ul-Irs teen hain:
1: Al-Nasab 2: Al-Nikah 3: Al-Wala
1: Al-nasab: Is say muraad khooni rishta aur qaraabat hai jo waaris aur Moris kay darmiyaan wilaadat ki wajah say hota hai. Yeh rishta Mayyat ki aulaad (Beta, Beti, Pota, Poti) Aur Mayyat kay Aaba-o-Ajdaad (Baap, Daada, Maan, Dadi, Nani aur Mayyat kay Bhai, Behan aur Chchaon (waghera) per mushtamil hai.
2: Al-Nikah: Is say muraad woh nikah hai jo Aqad-e-Sahih kay zari’ye waaqe’ howa ho. Chahay khalwat aur mujama’t Haasil nah hui ho. Is mein Khawand aur Biwi mein say kisi aik ki wafaat kay baad woh aik dosray ki jaedaad kay waaris bantay hain. Baatil nikah, (Nikah-e-Mutt’ah waghera) ki soorat mein woh aik dosray kay waaris nahi bantay.
✦ Mut’allqa aurat ki meeras (میراث المطلقہ) ✦
- Agar Khaawand nay apni Biwi ko Talaaq-e-Raj’ei (pehli ya doosri Talaq) di aur woh Biwi ki iddat kay douran Khawand faut ho gaya. Sab fuqaha kay nazdeek woh Biwi waaris ho gai. Aur agar iddat khatam honay kay baad Khaawand faut huwa to woh aurat waaris nahi banay gi.
- Agar Khaawand nay apni Biwi ko Talaq-e- baaein, Bainonah-e-Kubra (teesri Talaaq) di aur Khaawand Sahih-o-Salim aur tandrust tha phir woh faut ho gaya. Aisi soorat mein Biwi waaris nahi hogi chahay us ki iddat khatam ho gai ho ya nah.
- Agar Khaawand Maraz-ul-Maut mein mubtala hai. Isi haalat mein us nay apni Biwi ko Talaaq-e-Baaein (Bainonah-e-Kubra) day di aur Khaawand ki niyat usay wiraasat say mahroom karna hai. Is masla mein fuqaha kay darmiyan ikhtilaaf paaya jata hai.
(Fatah-ul-Qadeer: 3/15, Al-Mabsoot: 6/155, Al-Rahbiyah: 32)
❁ Imam Shaf’i (رحمہ اللہ) kehtay hain woh aurat mutlqan waaris nahi hogi, Kiunkeh Talaaq-e-baaein waaqe hui hai.
❁ Imam Abu Hanifa (رحمہ اللہ) kehtay hain Khaawand agar aurat ki iddat kay douran faut huwa hai to woh waaris hogi. Agar iddat khatam honay kay baad Khaawand faut howa hai to woh aurat waaris nahi hogi, Aur agar aurat kay talab karnay par us nay Talaaq di ya Talaaq-e-Khula’a waaqe hui ho to who mutlaqan waaris nahi hogi.
❁ Imam Ahmed (رحمہ اللہ) kehtay hain woh aurat har haalat mein waaris hogi lekin agar us nay iddat khatam honay kay baad kisi dosray aadmi say shadi kar li to woh waaris nahi hogi.
❁ Imam Maalik (رحمہ اللہ) kehtay hain woh har haalat mein waaris hogi, Khuwa us nay iddat khatam honay kay baad shadi ki hai ya nahi aur un ki daleel yeh hai. Sayyiduna Abdul Rahman bin Auf (رضی اللہ عنہ ) nay apni Biwi Tamaadur ko bemari ki haalat mein Talaaq-e-Baaein di thi phir woh usi bemari ki haalat mein wafaat pa gaye to Ameer-ul-Momineen Sayyiduna Usmaan bin Affan (رضی اللہ عنه ) nay Tamaadur ko us kay tarka mein say wiraasat di thi. Aur yahi raye raajeh hai .
3: Al- Wala: Wala say muraad woh qaraabat hai jis ko islam nay aaqa aur us kay azad kardah ghulaam kay darmiyaan banaya hai. Azad kardah ghulaam ki wafaat kay baad woh aaqa us ghulaam ki jaedaad ka waaris hoga bashart yeh keh ghulaam ka koi sharai waaris mujood nah ho. Jaisa keh Hadees-e-Bareera mein aaya hai إنما الْولاء لمن أعْتق (رواہ البخاری ومسلم) aur aap صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم nay farmaya: الْولا لحْمة كلحمة النسب (رواہ احمد وابن حبان والحاکم)
✦ (wiraasat ki Shuroot) ✦
شروط الارث
❁ Wiraasat panay ki teen shartain hain:
✦ Pehli shart: Moris ki mout ka haqeeqi tor par waaqe’ hona ya hukmi tor par, Haqeeqi mout to zahir hai log khud apnay hathon say Mayyat ko dafnaatay hain. Aur hukmi mout qaazi kay mout ka hukum saadir karnay say hoti hai. Is ki misaal mafqood (gum shuda) shakhs hai jab qaazi us ki mout ka faisla saadir kar day to phir us shakhs ko murda tasawwur kiya jaye ga aur us ki jaedaad ko us kay waarison mein taqseem kiya jaye ga.
✦ Doosri shart: Waaris ki zindagi ka saboot keh Moris ki mout kay waqt woh zindah tha chahay chand minute kay liye hi zindah raha. Yeh zindagi haqeeqi tor par ho ya hukmi tor par jis ki misaal hamal hai usay us ki paidaiesh tak zindah hi tasawwur kiya jaye ga. Agar waaris kay zindah honay ka pata nah chal sakay to woh waaris nahi bantaa.
✦ Teesri shart: Waaris ban’nay kay liye us sabab ki pehchan zaroori hai. Jis ki bina par woh waaris ban raha hy. Ya’ni Nasab, Nikah ya Wala mein say kisi aik ka paya jana zroori hai.
Mawan’a-ul-Irs
Kalma موانع, مانع ki jama hai, Yeh aisa wasaf hai agar kisi shakhs mein paaya jaye to woh wiraasat say mahroom ho jaye ga. Khuwa us mein waaris ban’nay kay asbaab mujood bhi hon Man’e teen hain:
1: Al-Qatal 2: Ikhtilaaf-ul-Deen 3: Al-Riqq (yani ghulaami)
Al-Qatal
Is mein sab fuqaha ka ittifaaq hai keh agar koi shakhs apnay Moris ko amadan qatal kar day to woh apnay maqtool ki Jaedaad ka waaris nahi hoga jaisa hadees shareef mein hai.
عنْ عمر بن الخطاب رضی اللہ عنہ : سمعْت النبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم یقول : لیْس للْقاتل من المیرات شیْی ( رواہ النسائی)
Aur doosri hadees mein hai:
عن عمرو بن شعیب عن ابیہ عن جدہ عن النبی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم : قال لا یرث الْقاتل شیْئا
Is tarhan fuqaha ka maqola bhi hai. منْ تعجل شیْئا قبْل الاوان عوقب بالْحرْمان
Imam Maalik (رحمہ اللہ) kehtay hain keh agar kisi nay ghalti (القتل بالخطاء) say apnay Moris ko qatal kar diya to woh us ki jaedaad ka waaris to hoga. Lekin us nay jo diyat ada ki hai woh us ka waaris nahi banay ga. Lekin baqi aimmah kay nazdeek woh mutlaqan waaris nahi hoga.
2: Ikhtilaaf-ul-Deen
Is say muraad kufar aur islam hai yani muslim aur ghair muslim aik dosray kay waaris nah hungay. Jaisa keh hadees mein hai.
عَنْ أَسَامَةَ بن زيد رضی الله عنه :قَالَ: أَنَّ النبي صلى الله علیه وسلم قَالَ: لَا يَرِثُ الْمُسْلِمُ الْكَافِرُ وَلَا الْكَافِرَ الْمُسْلِمَ( متفق علیہ)
Agar kisi musalmaan nay Ahal-e-Kitaab ki aurat say shadi ki phir Khaawand ya Biwi faut ho gaye to woh aik dosray kay waaris nahi hungay.
Agar koi kafir apnay muslim rishta daar ki mout kay baad aur tarka ki taqseem say pehlay Imaan lay aaya to Imaam Maalik (رحمہ اللہ), Imaam Shafi (رحمہ اللہ) aur Imaam Abo Hanifah (رحمہ اللہ) kay nazdeek woh waaris nahi banay ga. Lekin Imaam Ahmad (رحمہ اللہ) kehtay hain islam ki targheeb dainay kay liye usay wiraasat mein shareek bana liya jaye ga.
Islaam mein aazaad aur ghulaam kay darmiyaan tawarus nahi hai. Kiunkeh ghulaam khud aur jo kuch woh kamaata hai who us kay aaqa ka hota hai. Is liye agar ghulaam apnay kisi Aziz ka waaris bantaa hai to woh jaedaad us kay aaqa ko muntaqil ho jaye gi. Halaankeh aaqa ka Mayyat say koi ta’lluq nahi hai Is liye sab fuqaha kay nazdeek yeh baatil hai. Aur hadees shareef mein hai. لا یمْلک العبد إلا الطلاق
Note: Koi waaris jab kisi Maan’e ki wajah say wiraasat say mahroom ho jaata hai to us ki mujoodgi dosray waarison ko nah to wiraasat say mahroom kar sakti hai aur nah hi unhein un kay badhay hissay ki bajaye chotay hissay ki taraf muntaqil kar sakti hai. Maslan Betay nay apni Maan ko qatal kar diya. Maqtolah nay apna Khaawand, Aini Bhai aur qaatil Beta zindah choda. Khaawand ko is ka badha hissa (1/2 ) milay ga. Aur baqi aadhi jaedaad Aini Bhai Bator-e-Asabah lay ga. Aur qaatil Beta mahroom hai. Is tarhan murtad aur ghulaam ki mujoodgi bhi dosray waarison par asar andaaz nahi hoti. (Al-Rajiyyah Lil- Mardeeni, pg# 36, Al- Mughani Libn-e-Qudama: 6/266-267)
✦ Wurasa aur un ki ta’daad ✦
(mard wurasa) Mard jo waaris bantay hain un ki tadaad pandrah (15) hai:
الوارثون من الرجال
1: Beta 2: Pota
3: Baap 4: Daada
5: Aini Bhai (Jin kay Maan, Baap aik hon)
6: Al’lati Bhai (Jin ka Baap aik hi ho aur Maaien alag alag hon)
7: Akhiyafi Bhai (Jin ki Maan aik ho aur Baap alag alag hon)
8: Aini Bhai ka Beta (Mayyat ka bhatija)
9: Al’lati Bhai ka Beta
10: Chacha (Haqeeqi Chacha)
11: Al’lati Chacha (Soutela Chacha)
12: Haqeeqi Chacha ka Beta
13: Al’lati Chacha ka Beta
14: Khawand
15: Aaqa jis nay apnay ghulaam ko aazaad kiya ho.
Note: Agar koi aurat faut hogai aur us nay mazkoorah pandrah mard waaris zindah chodhay to un mein say sirf teen mard waaris hungay (Beta, Baap aur Khaawand) aur baqi mandah baara (12) mahroom hongy.
✦ (Waaris aurtein) Aurtein jo waaris banti hain un ki tadaad das hai ✦
الوارثات من النساء
1: Beti 2: Poti 3: Maan
4: Nani 5: Dadi 6: Aini Behan
7: Al’lati Behan 8: Akhiyafi Behan 9: Biwi
10: Woh aurat jis nay apnay ghulaam ko aazaad kiya ho (Ll- mu’tiqah)
Note 1: Agar koi aadmi faut ho gaya aur us nay mazkoorah das aurton ko zindah chodha to un mein say sirf paanch aurtein waaris banay gi. Beti, Poti, Maan, Aini Behan aur Biwi. Aur baqi sab wiraasat say mahroom hongi.
Note 2: Agar koi mard ya aurat faut ho jaye aur woh mazkoorah (24) waaris zindah chodhay to un mein say sirf paanch ashkhaas waaris hungay. Aur woh Khaawand ya Biwi, Beta, Beti, Maan, Baap hain aur baqi mandah sab wiraasat say mahroom hongay.